Process Hazard Analysis (Cyber)

Cyber process hazard analysis extends classical OT safety analysis (HAZOP, HAZID, LOPA) to include deliberate cyber attack as a cause of a hazardous event, so a single study covers both random failure and malicious manipulation of a control system. On a ship it asks how a compromised controller could drive propulsion, steering, ballast, or cargo systems to an unsafe state, and what independent protection layers remain. The method aligns OT security with functional-safety practice and supports the security-by-design intent of IACS UR E26 and E27.