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LNG - Well-to-Wake by engine pathway

Three LNG pathways with dramatically different WtW intensities. Otto MS suffers from 5.5 g/kWh methane slip; Diesel cycle has almost none.

FuelLNGWtW
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Formula, assumptions, limits

TTW CO2 (t)=massCf\text{TTW CO}_2 \text{ (t)} = \text{mass} \cdot C_fEnergy (MJ)=mass (kg)LCV (MJ/kg)\text{Energy (MJ)} = \text{mass (kg)} \cdot \text{LCV (MJ/kg)}WtW (t CO2e)=Energy (MJ)WtW factor (g/MJ)106\text{WtW (t CO}_2 \text{e)} = \frac{\text{Energy (MJ)} \cdot \text{WtW factor (g/MJ)}}{10^6}

WtW factors include upstream extraction, processing, transport, plus tank-to-wake combustion and relevant CH₄/N₂O. FuelEU Maritime Annex II publishes the authoritative defaults.

In short

Well-to-wake GHG intensity of LNG by engine pathway. Fourth IMO GHG Study methane-slip accounting.

Learn the theory EU ETS for shipping: scope, EUA liability, phase-in