Mitigation Hierarchy

The mitigation hierarchy is the sequenced framework for addressing environmental harm in order of preference: avoid, minimize, restore (rehabilitate or remediate), then offset residual impacts. Each step is applied before moving to the next, with offsetting only the last resort for unavoidable residual loss, aimed at no net loss or a net gain of biodiversity. It underpins environmental impact assessment and is embedded in lender standards such as IFC Performance Standard 6 and in the EU Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC compensation requirements. Offsets are the weakest tier because restoration of complex marine habitats is uncertain and slow.