Rotterdam Rules

The Rotterdam Rules, the 2009 UN Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, would replace the Hague, Hague-Visby, and Hamburg regimes with a single door-to-door framework covering multimodal carriage that includes a sea leg. They drop the error-in-navigation defense, raise limits to 875 SDR per package or 3 SDR per kilogram, and address electronic transport records. The convention needs twenty ratifications to enter into force and remains short of that threshold, so it is not yet in force.