Rubble mound breakwater

A rubble-mound breakwater is a sloping structure built from a quarry-run core covered by filter layers and an outer armour layer of large rock or concrete units (Tetrapods, Accropodes, Core-Locs, dolosse). Armour stability is sized with the Hudson formula or the more refined Van der Meer equations against the design wave height, and the cross-section also addresses toe scour, overtopping, and core hydraulic gradient. It dominates where water depth and seabed allow, being more tolerant of differential settlement than a vertical wall.