Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)

Carbon capture and storage separates CO2 from a flue gas or process stream and injects it into deep geological formations for permanent storage. For shipping the relevant variants are onboard carbon capture, which strips CO2 from engine exhaust into tanks for later offloading, and the upstream use of CCS to make blue hydrogen and ammonia. The technical challenges onboard are the energy penalty of capture, the volume of liquefied CO2 to store, and the port infrastructure to receive it.