Dual-Use Goods

Items, software, and technology with both civilian and military applications, subject to export licensing. The EU controls them through Regulation (EU) 2021/821, whose Annex I control list draws on the four multilateral regimes (Wassenaar, the Australia Group, the MTCR, and the Nuclear Suppliers Group). The US controls them under the Export Administration Regulations, classified by ECCN. Carriers face liability where a shipment requires a license the shipper lacks; due diligence on the cargo description and end use is the screening point.