MASS Degree 2

The second IMO MASS degree of autonomy: the ship is controlled and operated from another location, with seafarers on board available to take control and operate shipboard systems and functions. Control sits at a remote operations center while crew remain aboard as a fallback, distinguishing it from Degree 1 (decision support with crew operating) and Degree 3 (remote control with no crew aboard). The IMO defined the four degrees through its MASS regulatory scoping exercise.