Zero Emission Vessel (ZEV)

A zero-emission vessel produces no greenhouse-gas emissions from its operation, achieved through battery-electric propulsion, hydrogen fuel cells, or green ammonia and hydrogen combustion paired with clean upstream supply. The Yara Birkeland, a battery-electric autonomous containership, is an early example, though battery range limits pure-electric ZEVs to short routes. For deep-sea trades the path runs through e-fuels, so most ZEV demonstrations remain coastal and short-sea while fuel supply and storage scale.