Extended Operational and Trade Vocabulary

Ammonia as Marine Fuel and Hydrogen Shipping glossary

Terminology of ammonia and hydrogen as marine fuels: class guidance and IGC Code safety controls, NH3 acute-toxicity IDLH thresholds, acidic vent scrubbing during bunkering, blue-ammonia production and certification, dual-fuel two-stroke engines such as the MAN ME-LGIA, and the ammonia-cracking and fuel-cell bunkering chains under development for carbon-free propulsion.

146 defined terms.

A

ABS Ammonia as Marine Fuel Guidance: First-edition guide published 2020 by American Bureau of Shipping covering risk, bunkering, crew training, and tank arrangements for NH3-fueled ships.
Acidic Scrubbing of Ammonia Vent: Bunkering safety control using citric or sulfuric acid loops to neutralize NH3 vapor releases during purging and disconnection.
Acute Toxicity Threshold of NH3: IDLH value of 300 ppm set by NIOSH governs IGC Code emergency response planning.
Adnoc Fertilisers Blue Ammonia: Abu Dhabi National Oil Company subsidiary that produced the first certified blue ammonia cargo from Ruwais in 2021 for delivery to Japan's Itochu.
AET Tankers Ammonia Dual-Fuel Aframax: 2024 newbuild order placed by AET with Samsung Heavy for delivery in 2026, fitted with MAN B and W ME-LGIA engine.
Air Liquide Ammonia Cracker: Onshore reformer technology that decomposes NH3 back to hydrogen at 400 to 600 deg C for fuel-cell bunkering chains.
Air Products NEOM Helios: Joint venture with ACWA Power and NEOM holding a 50 percent stake in the USD 5 billion green ammonia plant at Oxagon.
Air Products Saudi Arabia: Exclusive offtaker for NEOM green ammonia production, planning a global hydrogen distribution network with cracking terminals.
Alfa Laval Ammonia FuelPac: Modular fuel-supply system supplying buffer tank, conditioning, and double-walled piping for ME-LGIA engines.
Alfa Laval PureNH3: Selective catalytic reduction package handling N2O and unburned ammonia slip in marine exhaust.
Ammonia Bunker Vessel: Specialized barge or coaster designed to deliver liquid NH3 ship-to-ship, with Samsung and Wartsila releasing AiP designs in 2023.
Ammonia Carrier: Liquefied gas tanker designed to transport NH3 cargo, increasingly studied as a platform for ammonia-fueled propulsion since the cargo and fuel are identical.
Ammonia Combustion Pilot Fuel: 5 to 10 percent diesel or MGO injection required in MAN ME-LGIA to ignite the NH3 charge in two-stroke cycle.
Ammonia Cracker Reformer: Catalyst-bed reactor over ruthenium or nickel that yields 75 percent H2 and 25 percent N2 by mole.
Ammonia Energy Association: New York-based industry body publishing the Ammonia Energy Conference proceedings annually since 2004.
Ammonia Energy Density: 12.7 MJ/L volumetric LHV at minus 33 deg C, roughly half of MGO but triple liquid hydrogen.
Ammonia Engine Slip: Unburned NH3 emitted from the stack, targeted below 100 ppm in MAN ME-LGIA Tier III certification.
Ammonia Pyrolysis: Endothermic decomposition consuming about 13 percent of NH3 LHV as process heat for onboard cracking.
Ammonia Toxicity: Acute inhalation hazard with strong pungent odor at low ppm levels and life-threatening exposure above 300 ppm.
Ammonia Vapor Plume Modeling: PHAST and FLACS CFD tools used to map dispersion exclusion zones around bunker operations.
Anhydrous Ammonia: Pure NH3 without water content, the form transported and burned as marine fuel.
Antwerp Ammonia Import Terminal: Port of Antwerp-Bruges plan to expand existing Yara terminal to handle 1 Mtpa green NH3 imports by 2027.
Argus Green Ammonia Index: Daily price assessment launched 2022 covering FOB Rotterdam, CFR Japan, and FOB US Gulf benchmarks.
Asian Renewable Energy Hub: CWP-led 26 GW wind and solar project in Western Australia's Pilbara targeting 1.6 Mtpa green ammonia exports.
Atmospheric Storage of Ammonia: Refrigerated tanks holding NH3 at minus 33 deg C and near-atmospheric pressure.
Azane Fuel Solutions: Norwegian joint venture between Yara and Amon Maritime developing standardized ammonia bunkering pontoons.

B

BASF SCR Catalyst: Vanadium-titanium honeycomb supplying ammonia-slip catalyst to MAN and WinGD test engines.
Beaumont Texas OCI: OCI N.V. ammonia complex producing 1.1 Mtpa, exporting via the Jefferson Energy terminal.
Bell Bay Powerfuels: Origin Energy project in Tasmania for 420 ktpa green ammonia from hydro and wind power.
Black Ammonia: Informal term for NH3 produced from coal-gasified syngas without CCS, common in China's Shanxi province.
Bloom Energy SOFC: Solid-oxide fuel cell tested by Samsung Heavy on a 300 kW ammonia-fed shipboard genset.
Blue Ammonia: Ammonia produced from natural gas with CCS.
Bunker Boil-Off Management: Reliquefaction or onboard combustion of NH3 vapor evolving from cargo or fuel tanks.
BW Epic Kosan: Largest pressurized LPG carrier owner with 79 vessels capable of carrying ammonia, headquartered in Singapore.
BW LPG Avance Conversion: First VLGC retrofit to LPG dual-fuel completed 2023, with NH3 dual-fuel variant planned by 2026.

C

C-Job Naval Architects: Dutch design house active in CSD and TSHD concept design.
California Hydrogen Hub ARCHES: USD 1.2 billion DOE-funded H2 hub with port-side ammonia cracking at Long Beach.
Capital Gas Ship Management: Greek owner ordering ammonia-ready VLGCs at Hyundai Samho.
CCS-Coupled Ammonia: Blue NH3 with CO2 stored in Northern Lights, Greensand, or Quest sequestration sites.
CF Donaldsonville: World's largest ammonia complex in Louisiana operated by CF Industries with 4.3 Mtpa capacity.
CF Industries: Deerfield Illinois-based NH3 producer and largest US fertilizer maker.
Chiyoda Corporation: Yokohama EPC group developing SPERA hydrogen using methylcyclohexane as LOHC carrier.
Chiyoda SPERA Hydrogen: Toluene to methylcyclohexane LOHC chemistry storing 47.3 kg H2 per m3 at ambient conditions.
Chubu Electric Hekinan: Coal-fired plant testing 20 percent ammonia co-firing under JERA's roadmap, importing fuel from Saudi Arabia.
Class NK Ammonia Guidelines: ClassNK's NH3 fuel guideline published 2021 referencing the IGF Code framework.
Color Coding of Ammonia: Industry shorthand of grey, blue, turquoise, green, pink, and white for production pathways.
Cryogenic Hydrogen: Liquid H2 at minus 253 deg C, transported by the Suiso Frontier and planned for Kawasaki's 160,000 m3 carrier.
CWP Asian Renewable Energy Hub: Pilbara-based renewable hub backed by Mirning Green Energy and InterContinental Energy.

D

Daewoo Shipbuilding HHI Merger: Now Hanwha Ocean, designer of dual-fuel ammonia VLCCs and 88K LPG carriers.
Density of Liquid Ammonia: 682 kg/m3 at minus 33 deg C, lighter than water but denser than LNG.
DNV Ammonia Handbook: 2022 handbook covering vessel design, risk assessment, and safety distances for NH3 bunkering.
DNV Type Approval ME-LGIA: 2022 generic type approval issued to MAN B and W for ammonia variant of ME-GI engine.
Double-Walled Piping: Mandatory configuration under IGF Code for ammonia fuel supply lines, with inerted annulus monitoring.

E

Eastern Pacific Shipping Ammonia VLCC: Idan Ofer-controlled EPS ordering ammonia-ready VLCCs at Jiangnan with delivery 2026.
Eidesvik Offshore Viking Energy: 6,000 dwt PSV retrofit pilot under ShipFC project to install 2 MW ammonia SOFC.
Energy Density Per Volume: NH3 liquid offers 11.5 MJ/kg LHV and 12.7 MJ/L, vs LH2 at 8.5 MJ/L and LNG at 21 MJ/L.
Exhaust Gas N2O: Nitrous oxide emissions from ammonia combustion considered 273 times CO2 GWP, addressed by SCR.

F

FGSS Fuel Gas Supply System: TGE Marine, Wartsila Gas Solutions, and Hanwha Power Systems package conditioning skids for NH3.
First Ammonia Powered Tugboat: Sakigake, NYK's 4,200 kW tug retrofit at Keihin Dock for 2024 service in Tokyo Bay.
Fortescue Future Industries: Andrew Forrest's hydrogen and ammonia subsidiary targeting 15 Mtpa green NH3 by 2030.
Fortescue Green Pioneer: Offshore support vessel converted to dual fuel ammonia operation used by Fortescue in the Singapore ammonia bunker trial of 2024.

G

Green Ammonia: Ammonia produced from renewable hydrogen via the Haber-Bosch process.
GreenSand CCS: Danish offshore CO2 storage taking emissions from Yara Sluiskil blue ammonia.
Grey Ammonia: Conventional unabated SMR-based NH3, accounting for 99 percent of 2023 global output of 185 Mt.
Gulf Coast Ammonia Texas: GCA LLC ammonia plant in Texas City delivered 2024 with 1.3 Mtpa capacity.

H

Haber-Bosch synthesis: Industrial process combining H2 and N2 to make ammonia.
Hanwha Ocean Ammonia VLCC: Hanwha AIP for 300,000 dwt NH3 dual-fuel crude tanker.
HD Hyundai Heavy Industries: South Korean shipbuilder constructing FPSOs, LNG carriers, FLNGs and heavy-lift conversions.
Heroya Industrial Park: Yara's Norwegian site producing first green ammonia from 24 MW Statkraft electrolyzer in 2024.
HiAmmonia Project: Hyundai-led K-Yard demonstration of dual-fuel ammonia engines at Ulsan from 2025.
Hoegh Autoliners Aurora: Series of 9,100 CEU PCTCs delivered 2024 to 2026, ammonia-ready with Wartsila X92DF-A pre-installation.
Hydrogenious LOHC Technologies: Erlangen company licensing dibenzyltoluene LOHC and StoragePLANT modules of up to 12 tpd H2.
Hystra Consortium: Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Iwatani, Shell Japan, J-Power, ENEOS, Marubeni, and K Line for the LH2 supply chain demonstration.

I

IGC Code Type IIG: International Gas Carrier Code subdivision specifying ammonia tank arrangements and gastight bulkheads.
IGF Code Ammonia Amendments: MSC.1/Circ.1665 interim guidelines adopted 2023 pending formal IGF chapter for low-flashpoint fuels.
IHI 2 MW Ammonia Gas Turbine: Demonstrated single-fuel operation in Soma, Fukushima in 2022.
Iowa Fertilizer Company: Wever Iowa ammonia plant owned by OCI, capacity 1.4 Mtpa, sold to Koch Industries in 2023.
ISO TS 22441: Technical specification 2022 by ISO TC8 on guidance for marine systems using ammonia as fuel.
Itochu Ammonia 21 Project: Itochu, Mitsui ENG, MAN, K Line consortium delivering ammonia bunker vessel and bunker hub by 2027.

J

JERA Ammonia Co-firing: Tokyo-based utility targeting 50 percent NH3 share at Hekinan plant by 2030.
JFE Engineering: Japanese builder of hopper barges and small dredgers.
Jiangnan Ammonia Carrier: CSSC subsidiary delivering 93,000 cbm VLAC orders to Naftomar and Capital Gas.

K

K Line Ammonia Tug: Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha partner with NYK on Sakigake tug and ammonia bunker vessel design.
Kawasaki Heavy Industries: Japanese shipbuilder with a history of constructing Moss-type LNG carriers.
KBR Purifier Ammonia Process: Cryogenic purifier loop licensed for over 250 ammonia plants worldwide.

L

LH2 (Liquid Hydrogen): Hydrogen liquefied at approximately minus 253 C; demonstrated by Suiso Frontier (Kawasaki).
LOHC: Liquid Organic Hydrogen Carrier, including methylcyclohexane, dibenzyltoluene, and N-ethylcarbazole.
LR Approval in Principle Ammonia: Lloyd's Register AiPs issued to Hyundai, Samsung, Hanwha, Mitsui ENG NH3 designs.

M

MAN B&W ME-LGIA: Two-stroke dual-fuel ammonia main engine family under development by MAN Energy Solutions.
MarHySafe: DNV-led joint industry project on hydrogen safety in shipping.
MEPC 80 Ammonia Recognition: IMO MEPC 80 in July 2023 adopted revised GHG strategy and recognized NH3 as zero-carbon fuel candidate.
MHI Ammonia Cracker: Mitsubishi Heavy Industries pilot at Yokohama producing 1 tpd H2 from NH3 feedstock.
Mitsubishi Corporation Ammonia Trading: Tokyo trader investing in CF blue ammonia and Petronas Sarawak hydrogen.
Mitsui ENG Ammonia Bunker Vessel: 5,000 m3 design with ABS AIP for Singapore deployment.
MPA Singapore Ammonia Tender: Maritime and Port Authority issued bunker-tender 2022 to Yara-Aramco, Sembcorp-Vopak, BP-Itochu, and Keppel consortiums.

N

Naftomar Shipping: Greek LPG and chemical tanker operator, fleet of MGC and Handysize LPG carriers.
NEOM Green Hydrogen Company: Joint venture Air Products, ACWA Power, NEOM at USD 8.4 billion for 600 t/day H2 and 1.2 Mtpa ammonia.
NoGAPS Project: Nordic Green Ammonia Powered Ships, MAN, DNV, Yara, Wartsila consortium developing 41,000 cbm NH3 carrier design.
Northern Lights JV: Equinor, Shell, TotalEnergies CCS hub receiving CO2 from Yara Sluiskil blue ammonia.
Nutrien: Saskatoon-based world's largest crop nutrient producer, holding 6 Mtpa NH3 capacity at Geismar, Borger, Lima, and Joffre.
NYK Sakigake: 4,200 kW tug retrofitted with MAN ammonia-fueled engine, planned delivery 2024 in Tokyo Bay.

O

OCI Beaumont: 1.1 Mtpa ammonia plant in Texas owned by OCI Global.
OCI Geleen: Dutch ammonia complex producing 1.1 Mtpa with conversion to green NH3 under study.

P

PEM Electrolyzer Stack: Polymer electrolyte membrane technology supplied by Nel, ITM, Plug Power, and Siemens Energy.
Petronas Sarawak H2biscus: USD 1 billion green ammonia hub partnered with Posco, Samsung Engineering, and Sarawak Energy.
Pilbara Australia Yara: Yara Pilbara fertilizer plant near Karratha with 850 ktpa NH3 capacity.
Pink Ammonia: NH3 produced from nuclear-powered electrolysis.
Plug Power Electrolyzer: New York-based supplier for 100 MW Yara Casper Wyoming green ammonia plant.
Provaris Energy H2Neo: Compressed hydrogen carrier of 26,000 m3 designed for inter-Pacific trade.

Q

QatarEnergy Ammonia Plant: Doha plan for 1.2 Mtpa blue ammonia at Mesaieed by 2026.
Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA): Risk assessment used for new-fuel safety cases.

R

Refrigerated Ammonia Carrier: Fully refrigerated Type A or B tanks at minus 33 deg C, capacity from 22,000 to 93,000 m3.
Rotterdam Hydrogen Master Plan: Port of Rotterdam target of 18 Mtpa imported H2-equivalent by 2050, 60 percent as ammonia.

S

Sakigake Tug: NYK's ammonia tug, delivered in 2025 powered by MAN engine and Mitsui ENG design.
Samsung Heavy Industries Ammonia VLAC: 88,000 cbm VLAC orders from Mitsui OSK and Capital Gas.
Saudi Aramco Blue Ammonia: First demonstration cargo shipped to Japan from Jubail in September 2020.
Saudi SABIC Ammonia: SABIC Jubail and Yanbu plants with 4 Mtpa combined NH3 capacity.
SGMF Ammonia Bunkering Guidelines: Society for Gas as a Marine Fuel guidelines on NH3 bunkering safety, first edition 2024.
ShipFC Project: EU-funded JIP installing 2 MW ammonia SOFC on Eidesvik Viking Energy.
Sluiskil Yara: Yara's flagship Dutch ammonia and urea complex with 1.8 Mtpa NH3 capacity.
SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell): High-temperature fuel cell capable of running on methane, methanol, or ammonia; tested by ShipFC and others.
Solvang ASA: Norwegian Stavanger headquartered LPG carrier operator with fleet of 21 LPG and ethylene carriers including ammonia ready VLGCs.
Stress Corrosion Cracking SCC: Major NH3 hazard in carbon-steel tanks, mitigated by 0.2 percent water addition or post-weld heat treatment.
Suiso Frontier: First liquid hydrogen carrier built by Kawasaki Heavy Industries and delivered in 2019.

T

Topsoe SynCOR Ammonia: Autothermal reformer technology enabling smaller blue NH3 footprint.
Trafigura Ammonia Tanker Pilot: Trafigura, Mitsui OSK, and Yara studying ammonia-fueled MR tanker.
Trammo Inc: New York-based world's third-largest ammonia trader, founder Ronnie Chopra.
Turquoise Ammonia: NH3 from methane pyrolysis with solid carbon byproduct.
Type C Pressure Tank: IMO IGC Code tank type used for semi-refrigerated NH3 carriers operating at 5 to 18 bar.

U

Uhde Ammonia Process: ThyssenKrupp Uhde dual-pressure synthesis loop in Yara and CF plants.

V

VLAC Very Large Ammonia Carrier: New category of 90,000 to 100,000 m3 dedicated NH3 carriers.
VLGC (Very Large Gas Carrier): LPG carrier of about 70,000 to 93,000 cbm.
Vopak Ammonia Terminal Rotterdam: 80,000 m3 fully refrigerated NH3 storage at Botlek under expansion.

W

Wakaba: Mitsui OSK Lines ammonia-ready VLGC delivered at Namura Imari 2025.
Wartsila 25 Ammonia Engine: Four-stroke medium-speed ammonia dual-fuel engine launched 2023.
WinGD X72DF-A: WinGD ammonia-fueled two-stroke engine of 72 cm bore, planned 2025 release.
WinGD X92DF-A: WinGD ammonia dual-fuel engine on 92 cm bore for VLAC and large bulker propulsion.

X

X92DF-A WinGD: Marine engine model designation for ammonia-fueled VLACs.

Y

Yara Anna: Yara Clean Ammonia's flagship 38,000 m3 NH3 carrier earmarked for first ship-to-ship bunker pilot.
Yara Birkeland: Pioneering autonomous battery-electric container ship.
Yara Clean Ammonia: Yara unit developing clean ammonia supply for marine fuel.
Yara Eyde: Newbuild ammonia-fueled ammonia carrier announced by Yara and NCL with delivery 2026.
Yara International ASA: Oslo-listed world's largest ammonia trader with 36 percent Norwegian state ownership and 17 Mtpa global capacity.
Yara Sluiskil: Dutch ammonia plant whose CO2 emissions are slated for offshore storage via the Aramis project.

Z

Zeebrugge Hydrogen Hub: Port of Antwerp-Bruges expansion plan for NH3 cracking.
Zero Emission Vessel (ZEV): Vessel with no greenhouse gas emissions from operation.