Extended Operational and Trade Vocabulary

Marine Salvage Awards and SCOPIC glossary

The salvage-award vocabulary: acceptance of Lloyd’s Open Form on a no-cure-no-pay basis, the Act of Salvage under Article 1(a) of the Salvage Convention 1989, the SCOPIC clause and the LSSA clauses, and the award and arbitration terms. Grounds each term in the LOF and SCOPIC framework that determines salvage remuneration.

322 defined terms.

Showing 250 on this page (page 1 of 2).

A

Abandonment of Salvage: Voluntary cessation of salvage services by the contractor before a useful result is obtained, governed by termination provisions in the LOF and LSSA Clauses.
Acceptance of LOF: Master's signature on the Lloyd's Open Form binding owners of vessel and cargo to salvage on a no cure, no pay basis.
Access to Casualty: Practical and legal ability of salvors to board and work on a stricken vessel, often arranged through local port state authorities.
Act of Salvage: Any act or activity undertaken to assist a vessel or property in danger in navigable waters, as defined by Article 1(a) of the Salvage Convention 1989.
Ad Valorem Award: Salvage award expressed as a percentage of salved value, historically common before tariff-based SCOPIC compensation.
Admiralty Jurisdiction: Court jurisdiction over maritime claims, often in rem.
Admiralty Marshal: The officer of the English Admiralty Court responsible for executing arrest warrants, taking custody of arrested property, and conducting judicial sales.
Adventure: the marine adventure within section 3 of the Marine Insurance Act 1906.
Advisory Committee on Pollution of the Sea (ACOPS): Independent body historically consulted on salvage and pollution policy in the United Kingdom.
Agency Agreement: contract between an insurer and an agent setting underwriting authority limits.
Agreed Salvage Award: Negotiated settlement of a salvage claim agreed between salvors and property interests in lieu of arbitration.
Air Salvage: Use of aircraft, helicopters, and aerial logistics to deliver salvage personnel and equipment to a casualty.
Allision: contact between a moving vessel and a fixed object such as a wharf or bridge.
Amoco Cadiz (1978): VLCC that grounded off Brittany on 16 March 1978, spilling 223,000 tonnes of crude, prompting MARPOL Annex I tightening and EU coastal-state response measures.
Annex A (SCOPIC Form): Standard form by which the salvor invokes SCOPIC and the contractor and shipowner record incorporation into the LOF.
Annex B (SCOPIC Tariff): Schedule of agreed daily and hourly tariff rates for personnel, tugs, and equipment used in SCOPIC compensation calculations.
Annex C (SCR Provisions): Schedule setting out terms of appointment, duties, and reporting requirements of the Special Casualty Representative.
Anti-Pollution Operations: Salvage activities specifically directed at preventing or minimizing escape of oil, chemicals, or other harmful substances.
Apportionment Between Interests: Allocation of the salvage liability among owners of vessel, cargo, freight, and bunkers in proportion to salved values.
Apportionment of Award: Division of a salvage award among multiple salvors, fixed by agreement or by the Lloyd's arbitrator.
Approved SCR List: Roster of accredited Special Casualty Representatives maintained by the International Salvage Union.
ARDENT Marine: Joint venture formed in 2015 between Svitzer Salvage and Titan Salvage, wound down in 2019.
Arrest of Vessel: Judicial seizure to secure a salvage claim, typically lifted upon provision of a Letter of Undertaking or bank guarantee.
Article 1 (Salvage Convention 1989): Definitions article setting out the meaning of salvage operation, vessel, property, damage to the environment, and payment.
Article 12 (Salvage Convention 1989): Principle that salvage operations which have had a useful result give right to a reward.
Article 13 Award: Reward fixed under Article 13 criteria, payable from the salved fund in proportion to salved values.
Article 13 Salvage Convention 1989: provision setting criteria for fixing the reward for successful salvage.
Article 13(1)(a): Salved value of the vessel and other property as the primary criterion in fixing a salvage reward.
Article 13(1)(b): Skill and efforts of the salvors in preventing or minimizing damage to the environment.
Article 13(1)(c): Measure of success obtained by the salvor.
Article 13(1)(d): Nature and degree of the danger faced by the casualty.
Article 13(1)(e): Skill and efforts of the salvors in salving the vessel, property, and life.
Article 13(1)(f): Time used and expenses and losses incurred by the salvors.
Article 13(1)(g): Risk of liability and other risks run by the salvors or their equipment.
Article 13(1)(h): Promptness of the services rendered.
Article 13(1)(i): Availability and use of vessels or other equipment intended for salvage operations.
Article 13(1)(j): State of readiness and efficiency of the salvor's equipment and the value thereof.
Article 14 Expenses: Out-of-pocket expenses plus a fair rate for equipment and personnel actually and reasonably used in the salvage operation.
Article 14 Reform: Industry process following the Nagasaki Spirit award that led to the development of the SCOPIC clause.
Article 14 Salvage Convention 1989: provision granting special compensation to salvors preventing or minimizing environmental damage.
Article 14 Tier 1: Reimbursement of the salvor's reasonably incurred expenses where the Article 13 award is lower than those expenses.
Article 14 Tier 2: Uplift of up to 30% above expenses, or in exceptional cases up to 100%, where the salvor has prevented or minimized damage to the environment.
Article 17 (Salvage Convention 1989): Provision excluding payment for services rendered under existing contracts entered before the danger arose.
Article 18 (Salvage Convention 1989): Forfeiture or reduction of reward where salvor's misconduct has caused or aggravated the danger.
Article 19 (Salvage Convention 1989): Right of the master or owner to prohibit salvage services where prohibition is reasonable.
Article 20 (Salvage Convention 1989): Maritime lien for salvage on the salved vessel.
Article 21 (Salvage Convention 1989): Duty of owners of salved property to provide satisfactory security for salvage claims.
Article 22 (Salvage Convention 1989): Power of the tribunal to order interim payment to the salvor on account.
Article 23 (Salvage Convention 1989): Two-year limitation period for salvage claims.
Article 24 (Salvage Convention 1989): Interest on salvage payments, determined by the law of the forum.
Article 30 Reservations: State reservations permitted on application of the Salvage Convention to inland waters and public non-commercial vessels.
Article 6 (Salvage Convention 1989): Provision establishing that the Convention applies to any salvage operation save as otherwise provided in a contract.
Article 8 (Salvage Convention 1989): Duties of the salvor and the owner and master, including duty to exercise due care and to prevent or minimize damage to the environment.
Assistance to Vessel in Distress: Master's duty under SOLAS and the Salvage Convention to render assistance to persons in danger at sea.
Atlantic Towing Limited: Canadian-based marine services company providing salvage and emergency response in the North Atlantic.
Award Currency: Currency in which a Lloyd's salvage award is denominated, typically US dollars, pounds sterling, or euros.
Award Publication: Limited disclosure of Lloyd's salvage awards, generally restricted to the parties and not published in full.

B

Bank Guarantee: Security instrument issued by a bank in favor of the salvor to release a vessel from arrest pending determination of the salvage claim.
Bareboat Charter Owner: Demise charterer treated as owner for the purposes of liability for salvage services rendered to the vessel.
Bay of Biscay: Gulf of the North Atlantic along the western coast of France and northern Spain.
Beached Casualty: Vessel deliberately or accidentally placed on a shore as a salvage tactic or as a consequence of failed salvage.
Bisso Marine: Louisiana-based US Gulf Coast marine services company providing harbor and inland towage and salvage.
Bollard pull: Tug pulling force in tonnes.
Bonus (SCOPIC Clause 7): Twenty-five percent uplift on the Article 13 award where SCOPIC is invoked but the Article 13 award exceeds the SCOPIC entitlement.
Boskalis: Dutch dredging and salvage major, parent of SMIT Salvage since 2010.
Boskalis Smit Salvage: Combined salvage division of Royal Boskalis Westminster offering global emergency response.
Brussels Convention 1910: Original Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law respecting Assistance and Salvage at Sea.
Bunker Convention 2001: International Convention on Civil Liability for Bunker Oil Pollution Damage.
Bunker Owner: Party owning bunker fuel on board, separately liable for its share of the salvage award based on salved bunker value.

C

Cargo Owner: Holder of title or risk in cargo on board at the time of salvage, liable for cargo's proportional share of the salvage award.
Cargo Salvage Bond: Written undertaking by cargo interests to pay their proportion of salvage and general average upon adjustment.
Casualty: a marine accident causing or threatening loss.
Casualty Coordinator: Designated person managing the salvage response on behalf of owner or insurer.
Causation in Salvage: Requirement that the salvor's services contributed to the useful result achieved.
Certificate of Insurance (WRC): Document required under the Nairobi Wreck Removal Convention evidencing insurance for wreck removal liabilities.
Charterers' Liability: P&I and FD&D cover for time, voyage, or slot charterers.
Civil Liability Convention 1992 (CLC): International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage, requiring blue card evidence of insurance.
Clause 1 (SCOPIC): Incorporation provision making SCOPIC supplemental to the LOF rather than automatic.
Clause 10 (SCOPIC): Appointment of the Special Casualty Representative to attend and monitor SCOPIC operations.
Clause 2 (SCOPIC): Right of the contractor to invoke SCOPIC at any time after services have commenced.
Clause 3 (SCOPIC): Provision that once SCOPIC is invoked, Article 14 of the Salvage Convention is replaced by SCOPIC compensation.
Clause 4 (SCOPIC): Requirement for the shipowner to provide initial security of USD 3 million within two working days of invocation.
Clause 5 (SCOPIC): Reference to Annex B tariff rates for personnel, tugs, and equipment used in SCOPIC remuneration.
Clause 6 (SCOPIC): Twenty-five percent daily uplift on tariff rates as the salvor's profit element.
Clause 7 (SCOPIC): Salvor's bonus of twenty-five percent of the difference where Article 13 award exceeds SCOPIC payment.
Clause 8 (SCOPIC): Termination of SCOPIC by the contractor where cost of services exceeds property value plus accrued SCOPIC.
Clause 9 (SCOPIC): Termination of the LOF by the contractor in circumstances specified in the SCOPIC clause.
Clean-Up Costs: Expenses for pollution response, sometimes recoverable under SCOPIC where they form part of the salvage effort.
Coastal State: State with sovereignty or jurisdiction over adjacent maritime zones.
Code of Practice (SCR): Standards of conduct issued by the ISU and Lloyd's governing the role of the Special Casualty Representative.
Collision Salvage: Salvage operations rendered to vessels in or after collision, including the Nagasaki Spirit and Ocean Blessing incident (1992).
Commercial Salvage: Professional salvage undertaken for reward, distinct from voluntary or naval assistance.
Compensation (Article 14): Special compensation regime introduced to provide a safety net where salvors prevent environmental damage but salved values are low.
Confidentiality of Awards: Practice by which Lloyd's salvage awards are circulated only to the parties and not generally published.
Container Salvage: Recovery of containers from a stricken vessel, including beach recoveries as occurred after the MSC Napoli incident.
Contract Salvage: Salvage services performed under an express contract such as the LOF, distinguished from pure salvage at common law.
Contractor (LOF): Party named in Box 2 of the LOF who undertakes the salvage services for the property owners.
Convention on Salvage 1989: IMO treaty governing modern salvage law, replacing the 1910 Brussels Convention and introducing environmental criteria.
Costa Concordia (2012): Italian cruise ship that grounded off Isola del Giglio on 13 January 2012 with 32 deaths; investigated by the Italian Marine Casualties Investigative Body.
Costs of Arbitration: Fees of the arbitrator, the Lloyd's Salvage Arbitration Branch, and recoverable legal costs of the parties.
Crowley Maritime: US ocean towage, harbor towage, and logistics operator headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida.
Currency Conversion (Award): Conversion of salved values into the award currency at agreed exchange dates set out in the LSSA Clauses.

D

Daily Report (SCR): Written report by the Special Casualty Representative describing on-scene activities, equipment, and progress.
Daily Tariff Rates: Per-day rates set out in Annex B of SCOPIC for tugs, personnel, and equipment.
Damage to the Environment: Substantial physical damage to human health or marine life or resources in coastal or inland waters as defined in Article 1(d) of the Convention.
Danger (Article 13(1)(d)): Nature and degree of peril facing the casualty, assessed as at the commencement of services.
Date of Termination: Date on which salvage services end, fixing the salved fund and stopping accrual of SCOPIC remuneration.
Days on Hire (Tariff): Period for which SCOPIC tariff rates apply to a tug or piece of equipment.
Deck Cargo Salvage: Recovery of cargo carried on deck, often the most exposed to loss after structural damage or list.
Declaration of Salved Values: Statement by cargo and vessel interests of the values brought into safety, used for apportionment.
Deep Sea Salvage: Salvage operations beyond coastal waters, often involving long ocean tows and weather routing.
Demise Charterer: See Bareboat Charter Owner; party assuming operational and salvage liability for the vessel.
Detention of Vessel: Holding of a vessel by port or coastal state authorities pending compliance with salvage or wreck removal obligations.
Direct Action by Cargo: Right of cargo interests to participate directly in salvage arbitration to protect their share of contribution.
Discharge Operations: Removal of cargo or bunkers from the casualty to enable refloating or wreck removal.
Disponent Owner: Charterer who treats the vessel as if owner for sub-letting.
Distress: Condition of grave and imminent danger to a vessel, cargo, or persons that justifies salvage.
Diver (Tariff Category): SCOPIC personnel category for commercial divers engaged in underwater inspection, patching, and rigging.
Diving Spread: Complete assemblage of equipment for an offshore diving operation.
Donjon Marine: US east coast salvage contractor with OPA 90 OSRO standing.
Donjon-SMIT (T&T Salvage): Joint venture branded as T&T Salvage for US OPA-90 salvage response services.
Drydocks World Salvage: United Arab Emirates salvage and offshore services provider.
Dual Survey: Joint survey of damage by salvor and property surveyors to record the condition of salved property.
Duty to Cooperate: Obligation of owner, master, cargo owner, and salvor under Article 8 to cooperate in salvage operations.

E

Eder, Sir Bernard: Retired English Commercial Court judge serving as a Lloyd's Salvage Arbitrator.
Effort vs Success Test: Distinction often expressed as Article 13 rewarding success while SCOPIC rewards effort.
Emergency response service: ERS, salvage and stability support service.
Emergency Towage Vessel (ETV): Government or coastal authority tug stationed for emergency response and casualty assistance.
Engineer (Tariff Category): SCOPIC personnel category covering marine and salvage engineers.
Environmental Salvage: Operations whose primary value lies in preventing pollution under Article 14.
Equipment Mobilization: Movement of salvage gear and personnel to a casualty location.
Erika (1999): Maltese-flag product tanker that broke in two off Brittany on 12 December 1999 spilling about 19,800 tonnes of heavy fuel oil; triggered the EU Erika I and Erika II packages.
European Central Bank Rate: Reference rate used in Lloyd's salvage awards for interest at ECB rate plus 2% per annum on award sums.
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): 200 nm zone of coastal state sovereign rights over resources.
Expenses (Article 14): Reasonably incurred out-of-pocket expenses plus fair rate for equipment used, forming the floor of special compensation.
Expert Evidence: Technical and commercial evidence adduced by salvors and property interests in Lloyd's arbitration.

F

Fair Rate for Equipment: Rate determined under Article 14 to compensate the salvor for equipment used, distinct from a profit margin.
Felicity Ace (2022): Pure car carrier that caught fire and sank in the North Atlantic, salved under LOF by SMIT.
Final Award: Concluding salvage arbitration determination after all evidence and submissions.
Final Hearing: Oral hearing before the Lloyd's Salvage Arbitrator at which evidence and submissions are presented.
Fire Salvage: Salvage of vessels on fire, including container vessel and car carrier casualties.
Five Oceans Salvage: Greek-based salvage contractor with global LOF response capability.
Form of Salvage Guarantee (LSSA): Standard form by which cargo interests provide security for their share of the award.
Form of Salvage Security: Generic term for instruments such as LSSG, P&I LoU, and bank guarantees used in lieu of arrest.
Foundation of Award: Combined salved fund and SCOPIC entitlement comprising the salvor's total compensation.
Freight at Risk: freight payable on delivery and therefore exposed to loss, eligible for separate insurance.
Fukada Salvage and Marine Works: Japanese salvage and marine engineering company.

G

General Average: Loss voluntarily incurred for the common safety, contributed by all interests under York-Antwerp Rules.
General Average Adjuster: A professional appointed to apportion losses arising from a general average act under the York-Antwerp Rules.
Government Intervention: Direction by a coastal state under the Intervention Convention 1969 affecting the salvor's operations.
Grounded Casualty: Vessel resting on the seabed or shore, the most common subject of professional salvage operations.
Guarantor: Party providing a guarantee in support of a shipping loan obligor.

H

Hazardous and Noxious Substances (HNS): Cargoes whose escape would cause damage to the environment within the meaning of Article 1(d).
Hire-Owner: Party financially exposed to loss of hire who may participate in the salved fund where loss of hire is included.
Hourly Tariff Rate: Rate per hour under SCOPIC Annex B for short-duration services or equipment.
Hyundai Heavy Industries: HHI, Ulsan, world's largest shipbuilder by output.

I

IMO MSC/Circ.967: International Maritime Organization circular of June 2000 recommending master's authority to sign LOF without prior owner approval.
Inchmaree Clause: A hull clause originating from the Inchmaree case, extending cover to losses caused by latent defects in machinery and certain crew negligence.
Initial Security (SCOPIC Clause 4): USD 3 million security to be provided by the P&I Club within two working days of SCOPIC invocation.
Inland Waters Reservation: Permitted reservation under Article 30 of the Salvage Convention covering salvage in non-tidal waters.
Inter-Salvor Dispute: Dispute among multiple salvors over the apportionment of a salvage award.
Interest on Award: Interest applied to a Lloyd's salvage award at ECB rate plus 2% per annum from a date fixed by the arbitrator.
Interim Award: An award disposing of part of the issues in the reference, such as liability or jurisdiction.
International Convention on Salvage 1989: convention introducing the Article 14 special compensation regime.
International Group of P&I Clubs (IGP&I): association of thirteen mutual P&I clubs sharing claims through the Pool and Group Excess Loss program.
International Maritime Organization (IMO): United Nations specialized agency that adopted the Salvage Convention 1989 and the Nairobi WRC.
International Salvage Union (ISU): Trade association of professional salvage contractors with more than 60 member companies worldwide.
Intervention Convention 1969: Coastal state right to act on the high seas to prevent pollution.
Invocation of SCOPIC: Formal step by which the contractor brings SCOPIC into force by written notice to the shipowner.
ISU Code of Conduct: Self-regulatory rules for ISU members covering ethical and operational standards.
ISU Pollution Prevention Survey: Annual statistical survey by the ISU recording salvage industry response to pollution risks.
ISU Statistics: Annual data published by the International Salvage Union on salvage contracts, services, and revenues.

J

Joint and Several Liability: The doctrine permitting recovery in full against any of several co-defendants, with rights of contribution between them.
Joint Survey: Inspection attended by both load and discharge interests.
Judicial Sale: Court-ordered sale of an arrested vessel from whose proceeds salvage and other maritime claims are satisfied.

L

Letter of Undertaking (LOU): security letter issued by a P&I club to secure release of a ship from arrest.
Liability Salvage: Concept by which salvage may rescue an owner from liability rather than property, recognized in part by SCOPIC.
Lien for Salvage: Maritime lien attaching to salved property as security for the salvor's reward.
Lightering: Transfer of cargo or bunkers from casualty to lighter vessels.
Lighting Tower (Tariff): SCOPIC equipment category for portable lighting deployed on a casualty.
Limitation of Salvor's Liability: Right of salvors to limit liability under the LLMC Convention 1976 as amended.
Lloyd's Appeal Arbitrators: Panel of distinguished retired judges hearing appeals from Lloyd's Salvage Arbitrator awards.
Lloyd's Open Form (LOF): Standard salvage agreement with no-cure-no-pay basis and SCOPIC.
Lloyd's Salvage Arbitration Branch: Body administering LOF awards and appeals in London.
Lloyd's Salvage Arbitrators: Panel of senior barristers and former judges appointed by the Council of Lloyd's to determine LOF awards.
Lloyd's Salvage Award: Final award issued by a Lloyd's Salvage Arbitrator following an LOF arbitration.
Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Guarantee (LSSG): Pro forma security used by cargo and vessel interests to secure salvage claims.
Lloyd's Standard Salvage and Arbitration Clauses (LSSA): procedural clauses applying to LOF salvages.
LOF 1892: First standardized Lloyd's Open Form, introducing the no cure, no pay principle in a uniform contract.
LOF 1908: Early standardized edition of the Lloyd's Open Form salvage agreement.
LOF 1924: Revised Lloyd's Open Form reflecting changes in salvage practice.
LOF 1934: Revision of the Lloyd's Open Form widely used through the mid-twentieth century.
LOF 1972: Lloyd's Open Form revised to address modern arbitration and security practice.
LOF 1980: First Lloyd's Open Form to introduce the safety net provision for environmental salvage following the Amoco Cadiz incident.
LOF 1990: Edition introducing safety net protections for environmental salvors.
LOF 1995: Edition incorporating refinements to special compensation procedures.
LOF 2000: Edition incorporating Article 14 and SCOPIC by reference.
LOF 2011: Edition with simplified arbitration and FIXED COST clauses.
LOF 2020: Current Lloyd's Open Form with updated SCOPIC 2020 and digital signature.
LOF Notice: Notice provided to Lloyd's that a salvage operation has commenced under LOF.
LOF Statistics: Annual data published by Lloyd's on LOF cases, SCOPIC invocations, and awards.
London Salvage Convention: Common name for the International Convention on Salvage 1989.

M

Maersk Honam (2018): Ultra-large container vessel that suffered a major cargo fire in the Arabian Sea, salved under LOF by Smit.
Mammoet Salvage: Heavy lift specialist active in raising of Kursk and similar deep wreck lifts.
Maritime Lien: Privileged claim attaching to the ship and surviving change of ownership.
Master's Authority: Power to bind owner in contracts of necessity and salvage.
MEPC: Marine Environment Protection Committee.
Modern Express (2016): Vehicle carrier that listed and was towed across the Bay of Biscay by Boskalis under LOF.
Multraship Salvage: Dutch salvage and towage company providing emergency response in northwest Europe.

N

Nagasaki Spirit (1992): VLCC involved in a collision with the Ocean Blessing in the Malacca Strait whose arbitration prompted Article 14 reform and led to SCOPIC.
Nairobi International Convention on the Removal of Wrecks 2007: Convention in force 14 April 2015 establishing rights and duties of states and shipowners regarding wreck removal.
Naval Architect (Tariff Category): SCOPIC personnel category for qualified naval architects engaged on salvage operations.
Nippon Salvage: Japanese salvage contractor, NSK acted on Wakashio with SMIT.
No Cure No Pay: traditional salvage principle that salvors are paid only on success.
Notice of Termination (LOF): Written notice by which either party may terminate salvage services in accordance with the LOF and LSSA Clauses.
Notice to Lloyd's: Notification of LOF execution required within one day of signing under the LSSA Clauses.

O

O'Donovan, Patrick: Member of the Lloyd's Salvage Arbitrators panel.
Ocean Blessing (1992): Bulk carrier involved in the Nagasaki Spirit collision whose loss informed the Article 14 reform debate.
Off-Hire: Period under a time charter during which hire ceases due to specified events.
Oil Pollution Act 1990 (OPA 90): US federal statute imposing strict liability for oil pollution in US waters.
Oil Spill Response Organization (OSRO): US Coast Guard-classified organization providing oil spill response, often coordinated with salvage operations.
Open Form Salvage: Salvage performed under an open form contract such as the LOF rather than a bespoke contract.
Owner of Property: Party owning vessel, cargo, freight, or bunkers, liable for proportionate share of salvage award.

P

P&I Club: Mutual insurance association covering protection-and-indemnity risks.
P&I Salvage Guarantee: Security in P&I Club form provided to a salvor in lieu of cash or bank guarantee.
Panama Convention: Colloquial reference to regional flag-state aspects of salvage relevant to vessels under the Panama flag.
Personnel Categories (Tariff): SCOPIC categories including Salvage Master, Naval Architect, Salvage Officer, Engineer, and Diver.
Place of Refuge: Sheltered area allowing a casualty to stabilise, framed by IMO Resolution A.949(23).
Pollution Prevention Salvage: Salvage operations whose principal purpose is preventing escape of harmful substances.
Port state control: PSC inspection regime.
Posh Maritime: Singapore-based marine services group with salvage capabilities.
Posh Semco: Singapore-based marine services brand offering offshore and emergency response services.
Prestige (2002): Bahamas-flag single-hull tanker that broke up off Galicia on 19 November 2002 spilling about 63,000 tonnes; led to EU acceleration of single-hull phase-out and port-of-refuge rules.
Procedural Rules 2020: Lloyd's rules governing the conduct of salvage arbitration under the LOF.
Promptness of Services (Article 13(1)(h)): Criterion rewarding the speed with which salvors respond to a casualty.
Property Salved: Vessel, cargo, freight, and bunkers brought into safety, forming the salved fund.
Pure Salvage: Salvage services rendered without contract, giving rise to a reward under general maritime law.

Q

Quantum (Salvage Award): Monetary amount of the salvage award, fixed by application of Article 13 criteria.

R

Readiness of Equipment (Article 13(1)(j)): Criterion rewarding the salvor's state of readiness and the efficiency and value of equipment maintained.
Reasonably Incurred Expenses: Test under Article 14 for the salvor's recoverable expenses.
Reeder, John QC: Member of the Lloyd's Salvage Arbitrators panel.
Refloating: Returning a stranded vessel to free-floating condition by lightening or pulling.
Rena (2011): Container vessel that grounded on Astrolabe Reef, New Zealand, becoming a notable wreck removal case.
Resolve Marine Group: US marine salvage and emergency response company headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Reward (Article 12): Salvage payment to which the salvor is entitled where a useful result is obtained.
Risk of Liability (Article 13(1)(g)): Criterion recognizing the legal and financial risks assumed by the salvor.

S

Saam Towage: Latin American and North American towage division of Chilean Sociedad Matriz SAAM.
Safety Net (LOF 1980): Original mechanism for compensating salvors for environmental protection efforts, predecessor to Article 14.
Salvage: Recovery of a vessel or cargo from peril at sea.
Salvage Agreement: Written contract between salvor and owners governing terms of salvage.