Extended Operational and Trade Vocabulary

Pre-1900 Maritime History glossary

The pre-twentieth-century maritime vocabulary: historic vessel types (the Dutch aak, the Acapulco galleon), navigation statutes (the Act of Navigation 1651), naval administration bodies, and the sailing-era trades and institutions. Grounds each term in the historic ship, voyage, or statute it names, the deep-history counterpart to the modern history section.

438 defined terms.

Showing 250 on this page (page 1 of 2).

A

Aak: A flat-bottomed Dutch inland barge of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries used on the Rhine and Maas for cargo transport.
Able Seaman: STCW-rated deck rating qualified beyond ordinary seaman.
Acapulco Galleon: Spanish trading vessel that crossed the Pacific between Manila and Acapulco from 1565 to 1815 carrying silver and silks.
Act of Navigation 1651: English statute under the Commonwealth restricting colonial trade to English ships, a principal cause of the First Anglo-Dutch War.
Admiralty Board: The British naval administration body that managed warship construction, manning, and operations from the seventeenth century.
Admiralty Chart: Nautical chart issued by the UK Hydrographic Office.
Aegir: In Old Norse seafaring tradition, the giant personifying the sea, invoked by Viking mariners.
Aft Cabin: The stern compartment in a sailing ship typically reserved for the captain or senior officers.
Akers Mekaniske Verksted: Norwegian shipyard founded in Christiania in 1841, building early Scandinavian steamships.
Allan Line: Canadian shipping company founded by Hugh Allan in 1854 carrying mail and emigrants between Liverpool and Quebec.
Almirante: Spanish naval rank equivalent to admiral, used in the Carrera de Indias treasure-fleet system.
Amerigo Vespucci: Florentine navigator whose voyages between 1499 and 1502 led to the naming of the Americas.
Anchor watch: Watch maintained on anchored vessel.
Ann McKim: American merchant ship launched at Baltimore in 1833, regarded as a precursor of the clipper type.
Aphract: An ancient Greek warship lacking a full deck over the rowers, distinguished from the cataphract.
Apprentice: Cadet or trainee enrolled in an approved program leading to a Certificate of Competency.
Arsenal of Venice: The state shipyard of the Venetian Republic founded in 1104, employing thousands at its medieval peak.
Articles of War: The disciplinary code governing the Royal Navy, first codified in 1652 and revised in 1749.
Astrolabe: Medieval Arab and European altitude-measuring instrument adapted as the mariner's astrolabe in the fifteenth century.
Atlantic Packet Trade: Scheduled sailing-packet service between New York and Liverpool inaugurated by the Black Ball Line in 1818.
Avast: A traditional shipboard command meaning to cease or stop an action, of uncertain Dutch or Italian origin.

B

Backstaff: A navigational instrument invented by John Davis in 1594 for measuring solar altitude without looking at the sun.
Baltimore Clipper: A fast topsail schooner developed on Chesapeake Bay in the late eighteenth century, used as privateer and slaver.
Bantry Bay: Irish anchorage and site of the 1689 and 1796 French naval expeditions.
Barge: Tank vessel used for bunker delivery alongside ocean-going ships in port and at anchorage.
Barque: A sailing vessel of three or more masts, square-rigged on all but the aftermost, which carries fore-and-aft sails.
Barquentine: A sailing vessel square-rigged on the foremast only, with fore-and-aft sails on the remaining masts.
Batavia: Dutch East India Company headquarters in Java founded in 1619 and a key port of the spice trade.
Battle of Lepanto: 1571 galley battle in which the Holy League defeated the Ottoman fleet in the Gulf of Patras.
Battle of Sluys: English naval victory of June 24, 1340 opening the Hundred Years War at sea.
Battle of the Saintes: April 12, 1782 engagement in the West Indies where Rodney defeated the French fleet under de Grasse.
Battle of Trafalgar: Royal Navy victory of 21 October 1805 under Nelson over the combined Franco-Spanish fleet.
Beak: The projecting structure at the bow of a galley used for ramming or boarding.
Beam Ends: A ship is said to be on her beam ends when heeled so far that the deck approaches vertical.
Belaying pin: Removable wooden or metal pin in a rail for belaying running rigging.
Belfast: Irish shipbuilding port; Harland and Wolff was founded there in 1861.
Bellerophon, HMS: Third-rate ship of the line launched in 1786 aboard which Napoleon surrendered on July 15, 1815.
Berthon Boat: Collapsible lifeboat patented by Edward Lyon Berthon in 1851.
Bilander: A small two-masted European merchant vessel of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with a lateen mainsail.
Bireme: Ancient Mediterranean galley with two banks of oars.
Birkenhead: English shipbuilding town on the Mersey where Cammell Laird built iron vessels from the 1820s.
Black Ball Line: New York shipping firm that began the first scheduled transatlantic packet service in January 1818.
Blackwall Frigate: A class of three-masted full-rigged ships built at Blackwall Yard for the India trade from the 1830s.
Block: Pulley used with rope to make a tackle.
Bluenose: Canadian fishing and racing schooner launched at Lunenburg in 1921 (terminus of the working-schooner tradition).
Boatswain: Senior unlicensed deck rating; bosun.
Bomb Vessel: A small naval ship mounting one or two heavy mortars for shore bombardment, developed by the French in the 1680s.
Bonaventure Mizzen: A small fourth mast aft of the main mizzen used in sixteenth-century galleons.
Boston Tea Party: Colonial protest of December 16, 1773 in which East India Company tea was dumped from three ships into Boston Harbor.
Bounty, HMS: Royal Navy armed transport whose crew mutinied under Fletcher Christian on April 28, 1789.
Bowditch, Nathaniel: American mathematician whose New American Practical Navigator, first published in 1802, became standard for merchant officers.
Bowsprit: Spar extending forward from the stem for headsails.
Breechloader: Naval gun design loaded from the rear, adopted in the Royal Navy after the 1859 Armstrong gun trials.
Brest: French Atlantic naval port and arsenal developed under Richelieu and Colbert in the seventeenth century.
Brig: A two-masted vessel square-rigged on both masts.
Brigantine: Two-masted vessel with square-rigged foremast and fore-and-aft mainmast, common in eighteenth and nineteenth century coastal trade.
Bristol: English Atlantic port from which John Cabot sailed in 1497 and a center of the slave and West India trades.
Britannia, RMS: Cunard Line paddle steamer of 1840, the company's first transatlantic mail vessel.
Brown Water Navy: Force focused on riverine and littoral operations.
Buccaneer: A privateer of the seventeenth-century Caribbean operating from Tortuga and Port Royal.
Bucentaur: The state galley of the Doge of Venice used in the annual Marriage of the Sea ceremony.
Buss: Dutch herring-fishing vessel of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

C

Cabotage: National reservation of coastwise trade to vessels of the flag State.
Caique: A light wooden vessel of the eastern Mediterranean used for trade and fishing.
Cammell Laird: Birkenhead shipbuilder formed in 1903 from the union of Cammell of Sheffield and Laird Brothers, the latter founded 1828.
Cape Horn: Southern tip of South America, first rounded by Schouten and Le Maire in January 1616 and named for the Dutch town of Hoorn.
Cape of Good Hope: Southern African headland rounded by Bartolomeu Dias in 1488, opening the sea route to India.
Caravel: Small lateen-rigged Iberian exploring vessel of the fifteenth century, used by Portuguese explorers along Africa.
Cargo Manifest: Statutory list of cargo carried.
Carrack: Three or four masted ocean-going merchantman developed in fifteenth century Iberia; example, Santa Maria.
Carronade: A short, large-caliber naval gun developed by the Carron Company of Falkirk in 1778.
Cartagena de Indias: Spanish colonial port on the Caribbean coast of present-day Colombia, fortified as a treasure-fleet rendezvous.
Catamaran: Twin-hull vessel with high transverse stability.
Cathead: Projecting beam at the bow used to hold the anchor clear of the hull when weighed (historical).
Chain Pump: A continuous-chain bilge pump used aboard large sailing warships from the late seventeenth century.
Charles W. Morgan: American whaling bark launched at New Bedford in 1841, preserved at Mystic Seaport.
Chatham Dockyard: English royal dockyard on the Medway active from 1567 to 1984, birthplace of HMS Victory.
Chebec: A three-masted Mediterranean vessel combining lateen and square sails, favored by Barbary corsairs.
China Tea Trade: The export of tea from Canton to Britain that, from 1834 onward, drove demand for fast clipper ships.
Chip Log: A speed-measuring device using a knotted line and triangular wooden float streamed astern.
Chronometer: Precision timekeeper carrying UT1/UTC for celestial navigation.
Clermont: Robert Fulton's steamboat that began commercial Hudson River service in August 1807.
Clipper: Mid-nineteenth century sharp-hulled fast sailing ship built for tea, opium, wool, and California trades.
Coal Trade: The east coast English collier traffic from the Tyne and Wear that trained generations of British seamen.
Coelho, Gonçalo: Portuguese navigator who commanded the 1501 to 1502 voyage along the Brazilian coast that carried Vespucci.
Cog: Single-masted Hanseatic League cargo carrier of the high medieval Baltic and North Sea.
Columbiad: Heavy American naval and coastal gun introduced in 1811.
Columbus, Christopher: Genoese navigator whose 1492 voyage in Niña, Pinta, and Santa María opened sustained European contact with the Americas.
Comet: Henry Bell's paddle steamer of 1812, the first commercial passenger steamer in European waters, operating on the Clyde.
Compass Rose: Wind rose device printed on charts since the portolan era of the late thirteenth century.
Constitution, USS: American 44-gun frigate launched in 1797 and victor over HMS Guerriere in 1812.
Convoy System: Organized escort of merchant ships used by the Royal Navy during the Napoleonic Wars and again after 1917.
Cook, James: British naval officer and surveyor whose three Pacific voyages between 1768 and 1779 mapped vast areas of ocean.
Coracle: A small round basket boat of British and Welsh inland tradition, recorded since classical antiquity.
Corvette: Light surface combatant smaller than a frigate.
Cromster: A small armed merchant or naval vessel of the late sixteenth century, often rigged as a galleass.
Crow's Nest: An elevated lookout fitted at the masthead, attributed to the Arctic whaling captain William Scoresby Senior around 1807.
Cumberland Fleet: Early Thames yacht club founded in 1775, ancestor of the Royal Thames Yacht Club.
Cunard, Samuel: Nova Scotia merchant who founded the British and North American Royal Mail Steam Packet Company in 1840.
Cutter: A single-masted vessel with a deep hull and large sail area, used as a revenue and naval auxiliary craft.
Cutty Sark: Preserved tea clipper at Greenwich, built 1869.

D

Dalriada: Early medieval Gaelic seafaring kingdom spanning western Scotland and northeastern Ireland.
Dampier, William: English navigator and buccaneer whose voyages from 1679 to 1711 produced influential charts of the Pacific.
Davit: Curved crane for hoisting and lowering boats and stores.
Davy Jones's Locker: Sailor folklore name for the seabed and resting place of drowned mariners.
Dead reckoning: Position calculation from course, speed and time without external fixes.
Deadweight tonnage: DWT, total weight a vessel can carry.
Defoe, Daniel: English author whose 1719 novel Robinson Crusoe drew on the marooning of Alexander Selkirk.
Demi-Culverin: A medium long-range naval gun of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Deptford: Royal dockyard on the Thames founded by Henry VIII in 1513 and closed in 1869.
Devonport: English royal dockyard at Plymouth established in 1691 as Plymouth Dock.
Dhow: Lateen-rigged Arab and East African trading vessel of the western Indian Ocean.
Discovery, HMS: Royal Navy barque-rigged exploration vessel of 1789 that accompanied Vancouver to the Pacific Northwest.
Dogger: Two-masted English North Sea fishing vessel of the seventeenth century.
Dogger Bank: North Sea fishing ground and the site of the 1781 Anglo-Dutch naval engagement.
Doldrums: Equatorial region of light and variable winds within the ITCZ.
Don John of Austria: Commander of the Holy League fleet that defeated the Ottomans at Lepanto in 1571.
Dover Patrol: Royal Navy command guarding the Dover Strait, formally constituted in 1914 but with antecedents in earlier Channel guard.
Dreadnought, HMS (1875): Royal Navy turret battleship launched in 1875 (predecessor of the better-known 1906 ship).
Drebbel, Cornelis: Dutch inventor who in the 1620s tested an early oar-propelled submersible in the Thames.
Dromon: Byzantine war galley of the sixth to twelfth centuries armed with Greek fire.
Dry dock: Basin pumped dry for hull work.
Dundee: Scottish East Coast port and a major center of nineteenth-century whaling and jute-clipper construction.
Dungeness: English headland on the Channel, a long-established pilotage and lookout station.
Dutch East India Company (VOC): Chartered 1602, the first multinational joint-stock company and dominant Asian trader of the seventeenth century.
Dutch West India Company (WIC): Trading company chartered in 1621 to operate in the Atlantic and the Americas.

E

East India Company (English): Joint-stock trading company chartered by Elizabeth I on December 31, 1600.
East Indiaman: Large merchant vessel of the various East India Companies.
Eddystone Lighthouse: Lighthouse on the Eddystone Rocks off Plymouth, first built by Henry Winstanley in 1698 and rebuilt by Smeaton in 1759.
Elder, John: Clyde marine engineer whose compound steam engine, patented in 1853, transformed ocean steamship economics.
Endeavour, HMS: Royal Navy bark in which Cook made his first Pacific voyage from 1768 to 1771.
Erebus, HMS: Franklin Expedition wreck located in 2014 in Wilmot and Crampton Bay.
Ericsson, John: Swedish-American engineer who designed the screw propeller used in USS Princeton (1843) and the ironclad USS Monitor.
Essex, Whaleship: Nantucket whaler stove by a sperm whale on November 20, 1820, the inspiration for Melville's Moby-Dick.
Exeter Canal: English ship canal opened in 1566, the first in the country to use pound locks.

F

Falmouth Packet: Royal Mail packet brigs and brigantines operating from Falmouth between 1689 and 1851.
Fenian Ram: Early submarine designed by John Philip Holland and launched in 1881.
Figurehead: Ornamental carving on the bow of a sailing vessel, often preserved by museums.
First Rate: Royal Navy ship of the line with 100 or more guns.
Fitch, John: American inventor who operated an experimental steamboat on the Delaware River in 1787.
Fluyt: Dutch cargo carrier of the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, optimized for low crew costs.
Fly-Boat: An anglicization of the Dutch fluyt used in seventeenth-century English merchant service.
Forecastle: Forward part of the upper deck; forward crew accommodation.
Forfarshire, SS: Paddle steamer wrecked off the Farne Islands on September 7, 1838, the rescue led by Grace Darling.
Fram: Polar exploration ship of Nansen and later Amundsen, launched 1892.
Franklin Expedition: 1845 Royal Navy Arctic expedition lost in search of the Northwest Passage.
Frigate: Naval combatant smaller than destroyer.
Frobisher, Martin: English privateer and explorer who made three voyages between 1576 and 1578 seeking the Northwest Passage.
Fulton, Robert: American engineer whose North River Steamboat of 1807 inaugurated commercial steam navigation in the United States.

G

Galleas: A large oared and sailing warship of the sixteenth century combining galley and galleon features.
Galleon: Iberian sailing warship and treasure carrier of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
Galley: Oared Mediterranean warship type from antiquity into the seventeenth century.
Gama, Vasco da: Portuguese navigator whose voyage of 1497 to 1499 opened the direct sea route from Europe to India.
George III, HMS Royal: First-rate Royal Navy ship of the line launched at Chatham in 1788.
Gerald of Wales: Twelfth-century churchman whose accounts describe early Welsh and Irish coastal craft.
Glasgow: Scottish city on the Clyde; the Clyde shipbuilding district produced about a fifth of world merchant tonnage by 1913.
Golden Hind: Sir Francis Drake's flagship in the circumnavigation of 1577 to 1580, originally named Pelican.
Goree: Island off Senegal used as a transatlantic slave-trading entrepot from the seventeenth century.
Grand Banks: Atlantic fishing grounds off Newfoundland, central to cod history.
Grand Turk: Salem privateer and East India trader built in 1781, illustrative of early American maritime commerce.
Great Britain, SS: Brunel's iron-hulled screw steamer launched at Bristol in 1843, the first ocean-going ship of her type.
Great Eastern, SS: Brunel and Scott Russell's iron steamship of 1858, the largest vessel built in the nineteenth century.
Great Harry: Henry Grace à Dieu, English carrack launched in 1514 and the largest warship of her day.
Great Western, SS: Brunel's wooden paddle steamer of 1837 that crossed from Bristol to New York in April 1838.
Greenock: Scottish Clyde port and shipbuilding town active from the late seventeenth century.
Greenwich Hospital: Royal naval hospital founded in 1694 for seamen of the Royal Navy.
Greenwich Mean Time: Time standard at the prime meridian, formerly used for tidal predictions.
Gross Register Tonnage: A volumetric measure of a merchant ship's enclosed space, codified by the Moorsom system in the UK Merchant Shipping Act of 1854.
Guildhall of the Hanse: Steelyard on the Thames in London serving as the Hanseatic kontor until 1598.
Gunwale: Upper edge of the hull at the side.

H

Half Moon: The Dutch East India Company yacht in which Henry Hudson explored the river that bears his name in September 1609.
Hanseatic League: Medieval North European trading confederation centered on Lubeck.
Harland and Wolff: Belfast shipbuilder founded in 1861 by Edward Harland and Gustav Wolff.
Harrison, John: English clockmaker whose marine chronometers H1 (1735), H2 (1741), H3 (1759), and H4 (1759) solved the longitude problem.
Hawser: Heavy rope or cable for mooring or towing.
Hayes, Bully (William Henry): Notorious nineteenth-century South Pacific blackbirder.
Hecla, HMS: Royal Navy bomb vessel that carried Parry on Arctic voyages from 1819 onward.
Helm: Steering control of a vessel; the wheel and rudder.
Hennebique: Reinforced concrete system used in early twentieth-century ship construction, of late nineteenth-century origin.
Henry the Navigator: Portuguese prince and patron of Atlantic exploration 1394 to 1460.
Hibernia, RMS: Cunard paddle steamer of 1843 serving the Liverpool to Boston route.
Holland, John Philip: Irish-American engineer whose Holland VI of 1897 became the first submarine commissioned by the United States Navy.
Holyhead Packet: Mail service between Holyhead in Anglesey and Dublin, operating from the seventeenth century.
Hong Merchants: Cantonese guild that monopolized European trade at Canton under the Qing system until 1842.
Hooghly River: Distributary of the Ganges and the maritime approach to Calcutta, surveyed by the East India Company from the seventeenth century.
Hoy: Small English coasting vessel of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Hudson, Henry: English navigator who explored the Hudson Bay and Hudson River in 1610 and 1609 respectively.
Hudson's Bay Company: English trading company chartered by Charles II on May 2, 1670, the oldest continuously operated commercial corporation in North America.
Hulc: A medieval cargo vessel of northern Europe distinguished from the cog by its rounded hull form.
Hull, Kingston upon: English east coast port and base of the Wilson Line and the Greenland whaling fleet.

I

Imperieuse, HMS: Royal Navy frigate famous under Lord Cochrane during the Napoleonic Wars.
Implacable, HMS: French-built third-rate ship of the line captured at Trafalgar and used by the Royal Navy until 1949.
Inchcape Rock: Sandstone reef off the Angus coast on which the Bell Rock Lighthouse was built by Robert Stevenson between 1807 and 1810.
Indefatigable, HMS: Razee frigate famous under Sir Edward Pellew in the 1790s.
Inman Line: Liverpool-based steamship company founded by William Inman in 1850 as a rival to Cunard.
Investigator, HMS: Royal Navy sloop in which Matthew Flinders circumnavigated and charted Australia from 1801 to 1803.
Iron Steamboat: A vessel with hull of wrought iron rather than wood, pioneered by Aaron Manby and launched on the Thames in 1822.
Isle of Man Steam Packet Company: Founded in 1830 and the longest continuously operating passenger steamship company in the world.

J

Jack Tar: Colloquial term for a British seaman, recorded from the early eighteenth century.
Jangada: A Brazilian sailing raft of pre-Columbian origin still used by inshore fishermen.
Jeannette, USS: Polar exploration vessel crushed in Arctic ice in June 1881 during the De Long expedition.
John Wood: Port Glasgow shipbuilder who built Henry Bell's Comet in 1812.
Jolly boat: Light general-purpose ship's boat.
Junk: Chinese flat-bottomed seagoing vessel with battened lugsails, attested from the Han dynasty.

K

Karlskrona: Swedish royal naval base founded in 1680 on the Baltic and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Keel: Principal longitudinal member at the bottom of the hull.
Keelhauling: A naval punishment, particularly in the Dutch navy, abolished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Ketch: Two-masted rig with mizzen forward of the rudder post and shorter than the main.
King's Lynn: Norfolk port and former Hanseatic warehouse town, the only surviving English Hanseatic warehouse standing there.
Knot: One nautical mile per hour.
Kobenhavn: Capital of Denmark and seat of the Danish Asiatic Company chartered in 1732.

L

L'Orient: French flagship destroyed at the Battle of the Nile, 1798.
Laird Brothers: Birkenhead shipbuilder founded by William Laird in 1828, predecessor of Cammell Laird.
Lateen Sail: A triangular sail set on a long yard angled across the mast, characteristic of Mediterranean rigs.
Lavery, Brian: Modern maritime historian, included here only as scholarly reference is not the entry's purpose; omit.
Leeward: Downwind.
Lepanto: See Battle of Lepanto, 1571.
Lightship: Vessel mass excluding cargo, fuels, water, stores, and persons.
Lind, James: Royal Navy surgeon whose 1747 controlled trial demonstrated citrus as a cure for scurvy.
Liner: Vessel operating to a published schedule on a fixed route.
Liverpool: English port that grew rapidly with the West India and African trades from the eighteenth century.
Lloyd, Edward: London coffee-house proprietor whose establishment, mentioned in print in 1688, became the nucleus of Lloyd's of London.
Lloyd's Register: LR, UK-headquartered classification society and IACS member founded 1760.
Log: Instrument measuring speed and distance run; daily journal.
London Missionary Society Ship: The vessel Duff sailed from London in 1796 carrying the first Protestant missionaries to the South Pacific.
Longitude Act 1714: British statute offering a prize of up to £20,000 for a practical method of determining longitude at sea.
Lord High Admiral: Senior English naval office held by various royal personages and statesmen from the fourteenth century.
Lubeck: North German Hanseatic port, the league's effective capital from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century.
Lugger: A small fore-and-aft rigged vessel using lug sails, common in Channel coastal trade and smuggling.

M

Maersk, Arnold Peter Moller: Danish shipowner whose Svendborg firm of 1904 grew into the modern Maersk group (founder lived 1876 to 1965).
Magellan, Ferdinand: Portuguese navigator in Spanish service whose 1519 expedition completed the first circumnavigation of the globe in September 1522.
Mainsail: Principal sail set on the mainmast.
Manila Galleon: The Spanish trans-Pacific trade route between Manila and Acapulco, operated from 1565 to 1815.
Marblehead: Massachusetts fishing and privateering port, source of many Continental Navy seamen.
Marc Brunel: French-born British engineer who designed block-making machinery installed at Portsmouth Dockyard from 1803.
Marquesas Islands: Pacific archipelago visited by Mendaña in 1595 and central to South Sea whaling lore.
Mary Rose: Tudor warship sunk in 1545 in the Solent and raised in 1982.
Mast step: Block in which the heel of a mast rests.
Master and Commander: A Royal Navy rank between lieutenant and post-captain, formalized in 1718.
Maury, Matthew Fontaine: United States Navy officer whose 1855 Physical Geography of the Sea established modern oceanography.
Mayflower: 1620 English vessel that carried the Pilgrim Fathers to Plymouth.
Mediterranean Pass: A document issued by the Royal Navy from 1662 to protect British merchant ships from Barbary corsairs.
Merchant Adventurers: Sixteenth-century English trading company specializing in cloth exports to the Low Countries.
Merchant Shipping Act 1854: British statute codifying the regulation of merchant shipping under the Board of Trade.
Merchant Shipping Act 1876: British statute that introduced the load line championed by Samuel Plimsoll.
Merchant Shipping Act 1894: Consolidating British statute that remained the principal merchant shipping law for most of the twentieth century.
Mizzen: Aftermost mast in a yawl or ketch; sail set on it.
Monitor, USS: Ericsson-designed ironclad turret ship launched January 30, 1862 and engaged at Hampton Roads on March 9, 1862.
Mooring buoy: Buoy to which a ship may secure.
Morgan, Henry: Welsh privateer who sacked Panama in January 1671 and later served as Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica.