Extended Operational and Trade Vocabulary

Polar Code, Arctic and Antarctic Shipping glossary

The polar-shipping vocabulary: the maximum expected time of rescue and abandonment time under Polar Code Chapter 8, survival-craft active heating, the Northern Sea Route administration (Glavsevmorput), the ice services, and the icebreaker design firms (Aker Arctic). Grounds each term in the Polar Code requirement or the polar-route authority it belongs to.

235 defined terms.

A

AARI: Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg; Russian national ice service producing Arctic ice charts and forecasts.
Abandonment Time, Polar: Maximum expected time of rescue used to size polar survival equipment, set at a minimum of five days under Polar Code Part I-A Chapter 8.
Active Heating, Survival Craft: Requirement under Polar Code Chapter 8 for lifeboats and liferafts on Category A and B ships to maintain habitable interior temperatures in Polar Service Temperature conditions.
Administration of the Northern Sea Route: Russian Federal State Budgetary Institution Glavsevmorput, the authority issuing NSR navigation permits and ice pilot assignments.
Aker ARC100: Aker Arctic design family of medium icebreakers used as a baseline for several Baltic and Arctic newbuilds.
Aker ARC121: Double-acting Arc7 LNG carrier design used for the Yamal LNG Christophe de Margerie series.
Aker ARC130A: Aker Arctic icebreaking emergency and rescue vessel design developed for Sakhalin and Kara Sea operations.
Aker Arctic: Finnish naval architecture firm in Helsinki specializing in icebreakers and ice-class merchant ships, originator of the ARC and double-acting tanker concepts.
Aleksey Chirikov: Arc6 icebreaking supply vessel built in 2013 to an Aker Arctic design for Sakhalin offshore service.
AMSA: Australian Maritime Safety Authority, intervention powers under the Protection of the Sea Act.
Antarctic Convergence: Frontal zone where cold Antarctic surface water meets warmer subantarctic water.
Antarctic Protocol: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty signed at Madrid on 4 October 1991, designating Antarctica a natural reserve devoted to peace and science.
Antarctic Treaty: International agreement signed in Washington on 1 December 1959 reserving the area south of 60 degrees South for peaceful purposes and scientific cooperation.
Antarctic Treaty System: Collective term for the Antarctic Treaty, the Madrid Protocol, CCAMLR, and related instruments governing activities south of 60 degrees South.
Arc4: Russian Maritime Register of Shipping ice category, light first-year ice, Polar Class broadly equivalent to PC7.
Arc5: RS ice category, medium first-year ice, broadly equivalent to PC6 range.
Arc6: RS ice category, heavy first-year ice, broadly equivalent to PC5 range.
Arc7: RS ice category, year-round in first-year ice, broadly equivalent to PC4 range.
Arc8: RS ice category for heavier multi-year incursions, broadly equivalent to PC3 range.
Arc9: RS highest non-icebreaker ice category, broadly equivalent to PC2 range.
Arctic (Polar Code definition): Waters north of latitude 60 degrees N, excluding the Norwegian Sea south of 65 degrees N and waters below Iceland as defined in SOLAS XIV.
Arctic Council: Intergovernmental forum of eight Arctic states established by the 1996 Ottawa Declaration.
Arctic Council Working Groups: Six subsidiary bodies of the Arctic Council, including PAME, AMAP, CAFF, EPPR, SDWG, and ACAP.
Arctic Five: Informal grouping of the five Arctic coastal states Canada, Denmark, Norway, Russia, and the United States that signed the 2008 Ilulissat Declaration.
Arctic Shipping Best Practice Information Forum: PAME-hosted forum supporting effective implementation of the Polar Code through a public information portal.
Arktika: Lead ship of the Soviet Project 10520 nuclear icebreaker class, in service from 1975 to 2008, first surface ship to reach the geographic North Pole on 17 August 1977.
Arktika, Project 22220: Lead ship of the LK-60Ya class commissioned on 21 October 2020, operated by Atomflot for NSR escort.
Atle: Swedish state icebreaker built in 1974, lead ship of the Atle class operating in the Bothnian Bay.
Atomflot: Rosatomflot, Russian operator of the world's only fleet of nuclear-powered civilian icebreakers.
Azipod: ABB podded electric propulsor with the motor inside a submerged pod, used widely on cruise ships, icebreakers, and shuttle tankers.

B

Baltic Ice Class: Common name for the Finnish-Swedish Ice Class Rules governing winter navigation in the northern Baltic Sea.
Barents Sea: Shelf sea of the Arctic Ocean north of Norway and Russia.
Beaufort Sea: Arctic sea north of Alaska and northwestern Canada, heavy multi-year ice region.
Bergy bit: Piece of glacier ice between 1 and 5 m above sea level and 100 to 300 sq m in area.
Bering Strait: Narrow passage connecting the Pacific and the Arctic Ocean between Russia and Alaska.
Bow, Icebreaking: Hull form with low stem angle and reinforced waterline designed to ride up onto and break ice in downward flexure.
Brash ice: Accumulation of floating ice fragments not more than 2 m across, the wreckage of other ice forms.
Bulker, Ice Class: Bulk carrier with hull and machinery reinforcement enabling operation in defined ice conditions, commonly to Finnish-Swedish IA or IA Super.

C

Cambridge Bay: Hamlet on Victoria Island, Nunavut, serving as a key resupply and research hub along the Northwest Passage.
Canadian Arctic Shipping Pollution Prevention Regulations: Former Canadian regime under the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act, now superseded by the Arctic Shipping Safety and Pollution Prevention Regulations of 2017.
Canadian Coast Guard: Federal agency operating Canada's icebreaker fleet and providing ice escort and waterway services in Arctic and Gulf of St. Lawrence waters.
Canadian Ice Service: Branch of Environment and Climate Change Canada producing ice charts, iceberg bulletins, and forecasts for Canadian waters.
Category A ship: Polar Code ship designed for operation in at least medium first-year ice, which may include old ice inclusions.
Category B ship: Polar Code ship designed for operation in at least thin first-year ice, which may include old ice inclusions.
Category C ship: Polar Code ship designed for operation in open water or in less severe ice conditions than Categories A or B.
CCAMLR: Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources.
CCGS Henry Larsen: Canadian Coast Guard medium icebreaker commissioned in 1988, homeported at St. John's, Newfoundland.
CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent: Canadian Coast Guard heavy icebreaker commissioned in 1969 and extensively refit in 1993, flagship of the Canadian icebreaker fleet.
CCGS Terry Fox: Canadian Coast Guard heavy icebreaker built in 1983, acquired from Gulf Canada in 1991.
Channel, Ice: Track of broken ice left by an icebreaker, used by following vessels for assisted transit.
Chukotka, Project 22220: Fifth Project 22220 LK-60Ya nuclear icebreaker, under construction at the Baltic Shipyard in Saint Petersburg.
Close pack ice: Sea ice concentration 7/10 to 8/10 with floes mostly in contact.
Compact Pack Ice: WMO sea ice concentration of ten tenths with no water visible.
Concentration (ice): Ratio in tenths of the sea surface covered by ice within a defined area.
Consolidated ice: Floating ice frozen together into a single sheet.

D

DAT: Double-acting tanker, a hull and propulsion concept designed to operate bow-first in open water and stern-first in heavy ice using Azipod propulsion.
Dikson: Russian port and weather station at the western entrance of the Northern Sea Route in Krasnoyarsk Krai.
DNV Polar Class Notations: DNV class notations PC-1 through PC-7 implementing the IACS Polar Class system.
Drift Ice: Sea ice not attached to the shore, drifting with winds and currents.
Dudinka: Russian port on the Yenisei River in Krasnoyarsk Krai handling nickel and copper concentrates from Norilsk via the NSR.

E

Escort Operation: Navigation of a non-icebreaker behind an icebreaker through an ice channel, regulated under NSR and FSICR regimes.
EU Polar Net: Consortium of European polar research institutions coordinating polar science strategy, not a regulatory body.
Exemption, HFO: Time-limited exemption available to flag states under MARPOL Annex I regulation 43A for ships flying their flag operating in their waters until 1 July 2029.

F

Fast Ice: Sea ice frozen to the shore.
Federal State Budgetary Institution Glavsevmorput: Full name of the Administration of the Northern Sea Route established by the Russian Government in 2018.
Finnish Ice Service: Service of the Finnish Meteorological Institute issuing ice charts for the Baltic Sea.
Finnish-Swedish Ice Class Rules: Joint Traficom and Swedish Transport Agency rules establishing ice classes IA Super, IA, IB, IC, II, and III for Baltic winter navigation.
First-Year Ice: Sea ice that has not survived a melt season.
First-year ice medium: First-year ice 70 to 120 cm thick.
First-year ice thick: First-year ice greater than 120 cm thick.
First-year ice thin: First-year ice 30 to 70 cm thick.
Floe: Individual piece of sea ice.
Floe, Big: WMO floe size between 500 and 2,000 meters across.
Floe, Giant: WMO floe size more than 10 kilometers across.
Floe, Medium: WMO floe size between 100 and 500 meters across.
Floe, Small: WMO floe size between 20 and 100 meters across.
Floe, Vast: WMO floe size between 2 and 10 kilometers across.
Frazil ice: Fine spicules or plates of ice suspended in water; first stage of sea ice formation.
Frej: Swedish state icebreaker built in 1975, of the Atle class.
FSICR: Acronym for the Finnish-Swedish Ice Class Rules.

G

Glavsevmorput: Russian acronym for the Main Administration of the Northern Sea Route, historically the Soviet authority of 1932 and the modern Federal State Budgetary Institution established in 2018.
Grease ice: Later stage of frazil coagulation, forming a soupy layer giving a matte appearance to the sea.
Grey ice: Young ice 10 to 15 cm thick, less elastic than nilas and breaking on swell.
Grey-white ice: Young ice 15 to 30 cm thick.
Growler: Smaller piece of glacier ice less than 1 m above sea level, hazardous to navigation.

H

Healy: USCGC Healy WAGB-20, US Coast Guard medium icebreaker commissioned on 21 August 2000, homeported at Seattle.
Heavy Fuel Oil: Bunker fuel grade requiring heated lightering during salvage offload.
HFO Ban, Arctic: MARPOL Annex I regulation 43A adopted by MEPC.329(76) prohibiting the use and carriage for use as fuel of heavy fuel oil in Arctic waters from 1 July 2024, with phased waivers and exemptions to 1…
Hummock: Hillock of broken ice forced up by pressure, weathered with time.

I

IA: Finnish-Swedish ice class for ships capable of navigating in difficult ice conditions, mainly with icebreaker assistance.
IA Super: Highest Finnish-Swedish ice class for ships capable of navigating in difficult ice conditions, mainly without icebreaker assistance.
IAATO: International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators, founded 1991; self-regulates Antarctic tourism.
IACS UR I1: Polar Class descriptions PC1 through PC7.
IACS UR I2: Structural requirements for polar class ships.
IACS UR I3: Machinery requirements for polar class ships.
IB: Finnish-Swedish ice class for ships capable of navigating in moderately difficult ice conditions with icebreaker assistance.
IC: Finnish-Swedish ice class for ships capable of navigating in light ice conditions with icebreaker assistance.
Ice atlas: Compilation of monthly ice statistics for a region.
Ice Beacon: Drifting buoy deployed on sea ice to track its motion for forecasting and research.
Ice chart: Map showing distribution, concentration, and type of sea ice.
Ice Class: Hull classification for ships operating in ice.
Ice Code, Egg: WMO standard symbology for ice concentration, stage, and form used on ice charts worldwide.
Ice Concentration, Tenths: WMO scale expressing the fraction of sea surface covered by ice from one to ten tenths.
Ice Drift: Motion of sea ice under wind and current, typically reported as direction and speed on ice charts.
Ice edge: Boundary between open water and sea ice, often biologically productive.
Ice field: Area of pack ice 10 km or more across.
Ice Force, Polar Class: Design ice load calculated under IACS UR I2 for each Polar Class and hull area.
Ice Lead: WMO term for a navigable passage through sea ice.
Ice Multiplier: Engine and propeller margin factor used in IACS UR I3 calculations for ice torque.
Ice Patrol, International: International Ice Patrol operated by the US Coast Guard under the SOLAS Convention monitoring iceberg drift in the North Atlantic.
Ice Pilot, NSR: Russian state-certified pilot embarked under Glavsevmorput rules for transits in specified NSR ice conditions.
Ice Reconnaissance: Aerial or satellite observation of sea ice for chart production and tactical navigation.
Ice Regime System, Canadian: Canadian Arctic Ice Regime Shipping System assigning numerical ice multipliers to assess whether a ship may enter a given ice regime.
Ice Service Specialist: Trained observer producing ice charts and forecasts at agencies such as NIC, CIS, and the Finnish Ice Service.
Ice Strengthening: Reinforcement of hull plating, framing, propeller, shafting, and rudder for navigation in ice.
Ice1: RMRS non-Arctic ice category roughly equivalent to Finnish-Swedish IC.
Ice2: RMRS non-Arctic ice category roughly equivalent to Finnish-Swedish IB.
Ice3: RMRS non-Arctic ice category roughly equivalent to Finnish-Swedish IA.
Iceberg: Mass of ice broken from a glacier and floating in the sea.
Icebreaker, Conventional: Diesel-electric icebreaker, the predominant propulsion type globally before LNG dual-fuel and nuclear designs.
Icebreaker, Nuclear: Icebreaker powered by one or more pressurized water reactors, operated exclusively by Russia under Atomflot.
IMO MEPC.264(68): IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee resolution adopted on 15 May 2015 introducing the environmental provisions of the Polar Code through MARPOL amendments.
IMO MEPC.329(76): IMO Marine Environment Protection Committee resolution adopted on 17 June 2021 amending MARPOL Annex I to ban use and carriage for use of HFO in Arctic waters.
IMO MSC.385(94): IMO Maritime Safety Committee resolution adopted on 21 November 2014 introducing the safety part of the Polar Code as a new SOLAS chapter XIV.
Iqaluit: Capital of Nunavut, Canada, the main administrative port on the eastern Canadian Arctic.

K

Kapitan Dranitsyn: Russian diesel-electric polar icebreaker built in 1980, operated by Atomflot.
Kara Sea: Marginal Arctic sea north of Siberia.
Kontio: Finnish state icebreaker built in 1987, sister of Otso.

L

Land-Fast Ice: Sea ice attached to the coast.
Lead, Flaw: WMO term for a passageway between pack ice and fast ice.
Lider, Project 10510: Russian nuclear icebreaker class, also designated LK-120Ya, lead ship Rossiya laid down at Zvezda Shipyard on 5 July 2021.
LK-60Ya: Russian designation for the Project 22220 nuclear icebreaker class of approximately 60 megawatts shaft power.
LNG, Polar Fuel: Liquefied natural gas, the alternative fuel used by several recent Arctic icebreakers and the Yamal LNG carrier fleet.
Longyearbyen: Administrative center of Svalbard at 78 degrees 13 minutes North, the world's northernmost town with regular shipping calls.
Louis S. St-Laurent: See CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent.

M

Madrid Protocol: Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (1991, in force 1998).
Manik Standard: Common shorthand for sea ice terminology of the WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature.
MARPOL Annex I, Polar: MARPOL provisions concerning oil discharges, retention, and HFO use applicable to ships in polar waters under Part II-A of the Polar Code.
MARPOL Annex II, Polar: MARPOL provisions concerning noxious liquid substances applicable to ships in polar waters under Part II-A of the Polar Code.
MARPOL Annex IV, Polar: MARPOL provisions concerning sewage discharges applicable to ships in polar waters under Part II-A of the Polar Code.
MARPOL Annex V, Polar: MARPOL provisions concerning garbage discharges applicable to ships in polar waters under Part II-A of the Polar Code.
MDLT: Mean Daily Low Temperature, the climatological statistic used by the Polar Code to define Polar Service Temperature.
MEPC.264(68): Adopted environmental provisions of the Polar Code, May 2015.
MEPC.329(76): See IMO MEPC.329(76).
MSC.385(94): Adopted safety provisions of the Polar Code, 21 November 2014.
Multi-Year Ice: Sea ice that has survived at least one melt season.
Murmansk: Russian Arctic port and base of Atomflot nuclear icebreaker fleet.

N

National Ice Center: US National Ice Center in Suitland, Maryland, a joint NOAA, US Navy, and US Coast Guard center producing ice analyses worldwide.
NAVAREA XVII: Canadian Arctic warning area, eastern sector.
NAVAREA XVIII: Canadian Arctic warning area, western sector.
New Ice: WMO general term for recently formed ice, including frazil, grease, slush, and shuga.
NIC: Acronym for the US National Ice Center.
Nilas: Thin elastic crust of ice 0 to 10 cm thick, bending without breaking on swell.
NORDREG: Northern Canada Vessel Traffic Services Zone Regulations administered by Transport Canada, mandatory for ships of 300 gross tonnage and above transiting Canadian Arctic waters.
Northeast Passage: Historical name for the sea route along the Arctic coast of Eurasia, encompassing the Northern Sea Route in its Russian portion.
Northern Sea Route: Russian Arctic shipping route between the Kara Gate and the Bering Strait, regulated by Glavsevmorput.
Northwest Passage: Arctic sea route through the Canadian Archipelago, first transited 1903 to 1906 by Amundsen.
NSR: Acronym for Northern Sea Route.
NSR Administration: Glavsevmorput, the federal institution administering navigation in the NSR waters.

O

Oden: Swedish state icebreaker and polar research vessel built in 1988, operated by the Swedish Maritime Administration.
Old ice: Sea ice that has survived at least one summer melt; includes second-year and multi-year ice.
Open pack ice: Synonym for open drift ice in WMO terminology.
Otso: Finnish state icebreaker built in 1986, operated by Arctia.

P

PAME: Arctic Council working group on Protection of the Arctic Marine Environment.
Pancake Ice: Round pieces of sea ice formed in turbulent water.
PC1: IACS Polar Class for year-round operation in all polar waters, including multi-year ice.
PC2: IACS Polar Class for year-round operation in moderate multi-year ice conditions.
PC3: IACS Polar Class for year-round operation in second-year ice with multi-year inclusions.
PC4: IACS Polar Class for year-round operation in thick first-year ice with old ice inclusions.
PC5: IACS Polar Class for year-round operation in medium first-year ice with old ice inclusions.
PC6: IACS Polar Class for summer and autumn operation in medium first-year ice.
PC7: IACS Polar Class for summer and autumn operation in thin first-year ice.
Pevek: Russian port on the East Siberian Sea in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, eastern terminus of NSR cargo operations and base of the floating nuclear plant Akademik Lomonosov.
Polar Bear, MARPOL Region: Informal reference to Arctic waters as defined for application of MARPOL provisions under the Polar Code.
Polar Class: IACS classification system PC1 through PC7 defined in UR I1.
Polar Code: Adopted under SOLAS XIV and MARPOL; complements Article 234 jurisdiction.
Polar Code, Entry into Force: 1 January 2017 for SOLAS provisions and 1 July 2017 for the MARPOL amendments under MEPC.265(68).
Polar Sea: USCGC Polar Sea WAGB-11, US Coast Guard heavy icebreaker commissioned on 23 February 1978, currently in inactive status.
Polar Security Cutter: New US Coast Guard heavy icebreaker class being built by Bollinger Mississippi Shipbuilding to replace the Polar Star and Polar Sea.
Polar Service Temperature: Polar Code parameter defined as at least 10 degrees Celsius below the lowest Mean Daily Low Temperature for the intended area and season of operation.
Polar Ship Certificate: Certificate issued under Polar Code attesting compliance and listing limitations.
Polar Star: USCGC Polar Star WAGB-10, US Coast Guard heavy icebreaker commissioned on 19 January 1976, sole US asset capable of breaking heavy Antarctic ice for Operation Deep Freeze.
Polar waters: Either Arctic or Antarctic waters as defined in SOLAS XIV and MARPOL.
Polaris: Star Alpha Ursae Minoris; used for latitude north of about 1 degree N.
Polynya: Persistent open water area within sea ice.
Pressure ridge: Line or wall of broken ice forced up by pressure between floes.
Project 10520: Soviet and Russian nuclear icebreaker class including Arktika, Sibir, Rossiya, Sovetsky Soyuz, and Yamal.
Project 10580 Taymyr: Russian shallow-draft nuclear icebreaker class including Taymyr and Vaygach for Yenisei estuary operations.
Project 22220: Russian universal nuclear icebreaker class also designated LK-60Ya, comprising Arktika, Sibir, Ural, Yakutia, and Chukotka.
Project 22440: Russian designation used for the LK-110Ya Lider series in some technical literature, also reported as Project 10510.
Propulsion Power Margin, Polar: Additional propulsion power required under FSICR and Polar Class rules to overcome ice resistance.
PSC, Polar: Polar Ship Certificate, distinct from Port State Control PSC.
PST: Personal Survival Techniques short course.
PWOM: Polar Water Operational Manual required under Polar Code Part I-A Chapter 2 providing operators with information on ship capabilities and limitations.

R

Ramming: Icebreaking technique of running the bow up on the ice to break it under the ship's weight.
Risk Assessment, Polar: Hazard identification and risk assessment required under Polar Code Chapter 1 to support PWOM operational limits.
RMRS: Russian Maritime Register of Shipping, the classification society defining the Arc and Ice ice categories.
Rossiya, Project 10510: Lead ship of the Lider LK-120Ya class under construction at Zvezda Shipyard from 5 July 2021.
Rubble Field: Area of randomly oriented broken ice fragments formed by ice pressure or grounding.
Russian River Register: Russian classification society for inland and mixed river-sea ships, separate from RMRS, with its own ice categorizations.

S

Sabetta: Russian port on the Yamal Peninsula serving Yamal LNG, opened in 2017 and connected via the NSR.
Search and Rescue, Arctic: Subject of the 2011 Arctic SAR Agreement signed at Nuuk on 12 May 2011 dividing Arctic SAR regions among the eight Arctic states.
Second-year ice: Sea ice that has survived only one summer melt.
Shuga: Accumulation of spongy white ice lumps a few centimetres across.
Sibir, Project 22220: Second Project 22220 LK-60Ya nuclear icebreaker, commissioned on 25 January 2022.
Sisu: Finnish state icebreaker built in 1976, sister of Urho.
SOLAS Chapter XIV: Safety measures for ships operating in polar waters; adopted by MSC.386(94).
Stamukha: Grounded hummock of ice; common in shallow Arctic coastal areas.
Survival Suit, Immersion: Polar Code-compliant immersion suit providing thermal protection in Polar Service Temperature conditions.
Svalbard: Norwegian Arctic archipelago centered on Spitsbergen, governed under the 1920 Svalbard Treaty.

T

Taymyr: Russian shallow-draft nuclear icebreaker built in 1989 for Yenisei estuary service.
Tiksi: Russian port on the Laptev Sea at the mouth of the Lena River.
Tracking System, Polar: Vessel monitoring system used by NSR Administration and NORDREG to track ships in polar waters.
Transpolar Sea Route: Prospective shipping route crossing the central Arctic Ocean near the geographic North Pole.
Tuktoyaktuk: Hamlet on the Beaufort Sea coast in the Northwest Territories of Canada, formerly served by Mackenzie River barge traffic.

U

UR-I1: IACS UR defining Polar Class descriptions.
UR-I2: IACS UR on Polar Class structural requirements.
UR-I3: IACS UR on Polar Class machinery requirements.
Ural, Project 22220: Third Project 22220 LK-60Ya nuclear icebreaker, commissioned on 22 November 2022.
Urho: Finnish state icebreaker built in 1975, lead of the Urho class.
USCG Healy: See Healy.

V

Vaygach: Russian shallow-draft nuclear icebreaker built in 1990, sister of Taymyr.
Very Close Pack Ice: WMO sea ice concentration of nine to less than ten tenths.
Very Open Pack Ice: WMO sea ice concentration of one to three tenths.
Voima: Finnish state icebreaker originally built in 1954 and extensively rebuilt, operated by Arctia.

W

Waiver, HFO: Time-limited waiver available under MARPOL Annex I regulation 43A.5.2 for ships meeting specified construction standards to continue using or carrying HFO until 1 July 2029.
Watch, Ice: Bridge watch dedicated to lookout for ice and navigation through ice, required by PWOM procedures.
WMO No. 259: Publication number of the WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature.
WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature: WMO No. 259; international standard for ice terminology including egg code.

Y

Yakutia, Project 22220: Fourth Project 22220 LK-60Ya nuclear icebreaker, floated out on 22 November 2022 at the Baltic Shipyard.
Yamal: Russian Project 10520 nuclear icebreaker commissioned in 1992, operated by Atomflot.
Yamal LNG: Russian Arctic LNG project at Sabetta exporting via Arc7 LNG carriers on the NSR.
Yenisei: Russian river debouching into the Kara Sea at Dikson, with ice-class navigation up to Dudinka.
Ymer: Swedish state icebreaker built in 1977, of the Atle class.
Young ice: Sea ice in the transition stage from nilas to first-year ice, 10 to 30 cm thick; includes grey and grey-white.