Extended Operational and Trade Vocabulary

Marine Salvage and Wreck Removal glossary

The salvage-operations vocabulary: abandonment under the Salvage Convention 1989, active versus standby salvage, admiralty jurisdiction over salvage claims, and the historic reference works and tug terms. Grounds each term in the salvage operation or the convention article it belongs to, complementing the salvage-law section.

486 defined terms.

Showing 250 on this page (page 1 of 2).

A

Abandonment: act by which an insured cedes proprietary rights in the insured property to underwriters as a precondition for claiming a constructive total loss.
Ackerman Tug: Generic term sometimes used for harbor tugs adapted for emergency response and light salvage support work.
Active Salvage: Operation in progress with salvors physically engaged on the casualty, distinct from standby.
Admiralty Jurisdiction: Court jurisdiction over maritime claims, often in rem.
Admiralty Manual of Seamanship: British naval reference historically consulted for ship handling and emergency response practices.
Advance Salvage Award: Interim payment to a salvor pending final arbitration of a Lloyd's Open Form claim.
Aerial Dispersant Spraying: Application of oil spill dispersants from fixed wing aircraft or helicopters over offshore slicks.
Aframax Casualty: Salvage incident involving an Aframax class tanker, typically 80,000 to 120,000 dwt.
AIS Track Reconstruction: Use of Automatic Identification System data to reconstruct a casualty's movements before grounding or collision.
Allseas: Swiss-Dutch offshore contractor operating heavy lift and pipelay vessels including Pioneering Spirit and Solitaire.
Aluminum Hull Casualty: Salvage involving aluminum constructed vessels, which present specific fire and structural challenges.
Ambient Sea State: Wave and swell conditions surrounding a casualty that constrain salvage operations.
Amoco Cadiz: VLCC that grounded off Brittany in March 1978, releasing approximately 220,000 tonnes of crude oil.
AMSA: Australian Maritime Safety Authority, intervention powers under the Protection of the Sea Act.
Anchor handling tug supply vessel: Offshore support vessel class used to set moorings for floating tidal, wave, and floating solar platforms.
Andrea Doria: Italian liner sunk in 1956, subject of subsequent salvage and exhibition.
Anti-Pollution Vessel: Specialized craft equipped with recovery tanks, skimmers, and booms for at sea oil spill response.
Apparent Salvage: Situation where assistance is rendered but its salvage character is later contested.
Arbitration Clause: Dispute resolution provision in MoA, typically LMAA, SCMA, or SMA.
Ardent: Salvage joint venture between Svitzer Salvage and Crowley Maritime, ceased trading 2019.
Article 13: 1989 Salvage Convention criteria for fixing the salvage reward.
Article 14: 1989 Salvage Convention special compensation for environmental protection efforts.
Article 20: Provision of the 1989 Salvage Convention recognizing maritime lien for salvage on the salved property.
Article 21: Provision of the 1989 Salvage Convention addressing security for salvage claims.
Assisting Tug: Tug providing routine maneuvering assistance, distinguished by intent and circumstance from a salvage tug.
Astern Propulsion Failure: Loss of reverse thrust capability, a common precipitating factor in grounding casualties.
Atlantic Empress: 1979 VLCC collision and fire off Tobago, salvors recovered partial cargo before vessel sank.
Attendance fee: Pilotage charge levied when a pilot attends but does not perform a full transit, for example a cancelled job.
Australian Maritime Safety Authority: Commonwealth agency administering pollution response and marine incident coordination in Australia.

B

Bahrain Base: OSRL operational base in the Persian Gulf supporting Middle East spill response.
Bareboat Charter Salvage: Salvage rendered to a vessel under bareboat charter, where the demise charterer assumes salvage liabilities.
Barge Salvage: Recovery operations involving unmanned or unpowered barges, often grounded or capsized.
Beached Casualty: Vessel deliberately or accidentally placed on a shore as a salvage tactic or as a consequence of failed salvage.
Beaching: Controlled placement of a damaged vessel on a beach to prevent sinking or to facilitate cargo and wreck removal.
Beam Wind Drift: Sideways movement of a disabled vessel under wind pressure, complicating salvage tug connection.
Benefit of Salvage: Increment of value preserved by salvor intervention, central to reward computation under Article 13.
Bilge Pumping: Removal of accumulated water from machinery and cargo spaces during refloating operations.
BIMCO: Baltic and International Maritime Council, drafter of standard maritime contracts.
BIMCO Heavycon: standard charterparty form used for heavylift project cargoes.
BIMCO Project: Standard 2018 BIMCO form for the carriage of project cargo as a charter party.
Bismarck: German battleship sunk in May 1941 in the North Atlantic, lying at approximately 4,800 meters depth and surveyed by Robert Ballard in 1989.
Black Tide: Colloquial term for a heavy oil slick reaching shore.
Blanking Plate: Steel plate welded over a hull opening to restore watertight integrity during salvage.
Boluda Towage: International towage group based in Valencia, Spain, active in Europe, West Africa, the Americas, and the Middle East.
Bonn Agreement: North Sea cooperation on pollution preparedness and response.
Boom Vane: Towed paravane that holds a single point recovery boom in a J or U configuration during sweeping operations.
Boskalis: Dutch dredging and salvage major, parent of SMIT Salvage since 2010.
Boskalis Heavy Lift: Boskalis business line operating semi-submersible heavy transport and lift assets including White Marlin.
Boskalis Salvage: Salvage division of Boskalis operating under the Smit Salvage brand from Rotterdam.
Bow Wave Erosion: Hydraulic action that can scour a grounded vessel's resting position, complicating refloating.
Brent Decommissioning: Shell program for the removal of the Brent Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, and Delta platforms in the UK North Sea using Allseas Pioneering Spirit and other contractors.
Bulk Carrier Salvage: Operations on dry bulk vessels, often complicated by cargo shift, structural failure, and IMSBC Code cargoes.
Bunker Removal: Lightering of fuel from a casualty under OPA 90 or Nairobi Convention obligations.
Bunker Tank Survey: Inspection of fuel tanks before bunker removal to assess content, condition, and access points.
Buoyancy Restoration: Engineering process of restoring positive buoyancy to a casualty through dewatering, patching, and lift bag deployment.
Burning Liquids Salvage: Specialized response to vessels carrying flammable cargoes such as crude oil, naphtha, or LPG.

C

Capsized Vessel Recovery: Operations to right an overturned vessel, often using parbuckling or controlled flooding and lifting.
Cargo Lien for Salvage: Maritime lien attaching to salved cargo to secure its proportionate share of the salvage award.
Cargo Underwriter: Insurer of cargo interests called upon to provide salvage security under General Average and salvage rules.
Carrier Sue and Labour: Obligation on a hull underwriter's assured to take reasonable measures to avert or minimize loss, including engaging salvors.
Casing Cutter: Diamond wire or abrasive jet tool used to sever casings and pipework during decommissioning.
Casualty Investigation: Formal inquiry by a flag state or coastal state into the causes of a maritime incident.
CCA: Clean Caribbean and Americas, a regional Tier 3 oil spill response cooperative based in Fort Lauderdale.
Centerline Cut: Longitudinal hull severance technique used in wreck dismantling.
Cetewayo: Historic salvage tug, an example of named heavy tonnage in early twentieth century operations.
Charterers' Liability: P&I and FD&D cover for time, voyage, or slot charterers.
Chinese Salvage: Operations performed by Chinese state owned salvage bureaus including Shanghai, Guangzhou, and Yantai.
CIRM: Comite International Radio-Maritime, marine electronics industry body.
Class Renewal Survey: Five yearly comprehensive class survey equivalent to Special Survey.
Classification Society Attendance: Class surveyor presence during refloating and bunker removal to monitor structural condition.
Clean Caribbean and Americas: Industry oil spill cooperative supporting regional casualty response.
Coastal State Intervention: Action by a coastal state under the Intervention Convention to prevent or mitigate pollution from a foreign flag casualty.
Cofferdam: Temporary watertight enclosure for construction.
Collision Casualty: Salvage incident initiated by impact between two vessels.
Combined Marine Pollution Response Plan: National contingency plan integrating government and industry response capabilities.
Compensation for Environmental Salvage: Payment to salvors who prevent or minimize environmental damage, formalized under Article 14 and SCOPIC.
Compressed Air Salvage: Use of compressed air injection into sealed compartments to displace water and restore buoyancy.
Container Casualty: Salvage involving boxship casualties, often complicated by fire, lost containers, and dangerous goods.
Container Tracker: Beacon attached to overboard containers to assist recovery after a lost cargo incident.
Contractor's All Risk: Insurance policy covering wreck removal and heavy lift contractors against loss and liability during operations.
Contractual Salvor: Salvor engaged under a written contract such as Lloyd's Open Form or Wreckhire, distinguished from a pure volunteer salvor.
Controlled Burn: Deliberate ignition of cargo or hydrocarbons during salvage, used sparingly and only with regulatory approval.
Controlled Grounding: Deliberate placement of a casualty on prepared ground to facilitate cargo removal or repairs.
Controlled Sinking: Deliberate scuttling of a wreck in deep water under regulatory authorization where removal is impracticable.
Convention on Salvage 1989: IMO treaty governing modern salvage law, replacing the 1910 Brussels Convention and introducing environmental criteria.
Costa Concordia: 2012 cruise ship grounding off Giglio, parbuckled and refloated 2013 to 2014.
Counter-Flooding: Deliberate flooding of selected tanks to correct list or trim during salvage.
Crane Barge: Self-propelled or towed pontoon carrying a heavy lift crane for wreck removal.
Crowley Maritime: US ocean towage, harbor towage, and logistics operator headquartered in Jacksonville, Florida.
Crude Oil Washing: The MARPOL Annex I tank-cleaning method using the cargo itself as the washing medium, with operational records reviewed under VIQ Chapter 8.
Current Buster: NOFI sweep boom system for high-current oil recovery developed in Norway.
Cutter Suction Dredger: Dredge type used to remove material around grounded vessels to facilitate refloating.

D

De-Watering Pump: Submersible or surface mounted pump used to remove water from flooded compartments.
Dead Ship Salvage: Operations on a vessel with no propulsion or auxiliary power available.
Decommissioning Heavy Lift: Single lift removal of offshore platform topsides and jackets, exemplified by Allseas Pioneering Spirit.
Deep Diving Support: Use of saturation diving systems for wreck survey and intervention work below normal air diving depths.
Deferred Salvage Award: Award delayed pending arbitration outcomes or environmental assessment.
Diesel Hammer Removal: Use of impact hammers to extract pile sections during platform decommissioning.
Dilution and Dispersion: Natural breakdown processes that disperse spilled oil through wave action and currents.
Direct Sound Salvage Award: Award expressed as a percentage of salved values rather than a lump sum.
Discharge Pumping: Removal of cargo or bunker into shore tanks, barges, or another vessel.
Dispersant Application: Surfactant treatment of oil slicks to facilitate dispersion into the water column.
Dispersion Effectiveness: Quantitative measure of dispersant performance on a specific oil at a specific weathering state.
Diver Held Suction: Hand operated suction tool used by divers for sediment removal around grounded vessels.
Diving Bell: Pressurised chamber for transferring saturation divers to underwater work sites.
Donjon Marine: US east coast salvage contractor with OPA 90 OSRO standing.
Donjon Smit JV: Joint venture between Donjon Marine and Smit Salvage providing US OPA 90 salvage response services.
Drift Modeling: Numerical prediction of drifting casualty or oil slick trajectories using wind, current, and wave inputs.
Drydock Salvage: Operations to bring a casualty into drydock for structural repair after refloating.
Dual Recovery System: Spill response setup combining boom and skimmer in a J or U configuration.
Dynamic Positioning Heavy Lift: Position keeping by DP-equipped crane vessels during platform installation and removal.

E

Earthquake Triggered Casualty: Vessel damage arising from tsunami or seismic event.
Ebb Tide Refloating: Refloating attempt scheduled to coincide with falling water, used when stability or current considerations require.
Ekofisk Decommissioning: ConocoPhillips program for the partial removal of platforms in the Norwegian North Sea field.
El Faro: US flagged ro-ro container vessel that sank off the Bahamas on 1 October 2015 during Hurricane Joaquin with the loss of 33 crew.
Emergency Response and Salvage Award: ERSA, a US Navy administered standby contract for salvage and pollution response.
Emergency Response Towing Vessel: Standby tug stationed by a coastal state to intervene with drifting casualties.
Emergency Towing System: Pre-rigged towing arrangement allowing rapid connection to a casualty.
End of Service Salvage: Salvor disengagement upon delivery of the casualty to a place of safety.
Environmental Salvage: Operations whose primary value lies in preventing pollution under Article 14.
Equipment Mobilization: Movement of salvage gear and personnel to a casualty location.
ERT: Emergency Response Team, the term used by several P&I clubs for their casualty response coordinators.
ESI Atlas: Environmental Sensitivity Index mapping of coastal resources to guide pollution response.
Ever Given: 20,124 TEU ULCV (Suez 2021 incident).
Exclusive Salvage Engagement: Contract giving a single salvor exclusive rights to assist a casualty for a defined period.
Exxon Valdez: 1989 grounding in Prince William Sound, a benchmark pollution disaster.

F

Fairlead Strain: Stress concentration at the tow line fairlead during ocean towage of a casualty.
Felicity Ace: Car carrier that caught fire and sank south of the Azores in March 2022 with approximately 4,000 vehicles aboard.
Final Award: Concluding salvage arbitration determination after all evidence and submissions.
Fire Casualty: Salvage incident initiated by onboard fire, often involving cargo or engine room.
Fire Fighting Vessel: Tug or specialized craft equipped with FiFi monitors for marine firefighting.
Five Oceans Salvage: Greek-based salvage contractor with global LOF response capability.
Flag State Cooperation: Coordination between flag and coastal states during a salvage and pollution incident.
Flammable Cargo Inerting: Introduction of inert gas into cargo tanks to prevent ignition during salvage.
Floating Crane: Heavy-lift crane vessel.
Floating Storage and Offloading: Receiving asset for crude oil pumped from a tanker casualty.
Flooding Boundary: Limits of progressive flooding established by salvage engineers to model stability outcomes.
Folding Boom: Compact transport configuration of containment boom for rapid deployment.
Foreign Flag Intervention: Coastal state action to require salvage measures on a foreign flagged casualty.
Fortune of Adventure: Equitable doctrine recognizing that salvage carries higher risk and is therefore rewarded above mere recovery of expenses.
Forty Eight Thousand Tonne Single Lift: Capacity of Allseas Pioneering Spirit for offshore platform topsides removal.
Foundering: Loss of a vessel by flooding and sinking, distinct from capsizing or breakup.
Four Stroke Engine Casualty: Casualty originating in main or auxiliary medium speed engine failure.
Fresh Water Flushing: Rinsing of recovered equipment after salt water immersion during salvage.
Funding Limit: Cap on insurer or P&I club exposure for a given salvage operation.

G

General Average Adjustment: Apportionment of salvage costs among hull, cargo, freight, and bunkers under the York Antwerp Rules.
General Average Bond: undertaking by cargo interests on Lloyd's form to pay any GA contribution found due.
General Average Disbursement: Out of pocket expense incurred for the common safety, including salvor remuneration.
GNOME: General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment, NOAA's oil spill trajectory model.
GoM Spill Response: Industry funded operations in the Gulf of Mexico through MSRC and OSRL.
GPS Drogue: Satellite tracked drift buoy used to monitor oil slick or debris movement.
Gravity Refloating: Use of natural high tide buoyancy without external mechanical assistance to refloat a stranded vessel.
Greek Salvage Sector: Cluster of Athens and Piraeus based salvors including Tsavliris, Ocean, Hellespont, and Five Oceans.
Ground Tackle Salvage: Use of beach anchors, ground anchors, and chain to provide pulling points for refloating.
Grounding Casualty: Salvage incident initiated by a vessel making contact with the seabed.
Guangzhou Salvage Bureau: Chinese Rescue and Salvage Bureau base on the South China coast.

H

Hard Boom: Rigid foam filled containment boom suited to protected waters.
Hatch cover failure: Mechanism implicated in bulk-carrier losses including Derbyshire.
Hazardous Cargo Salvage: Operations on vessels carrying IMDG Code dangerous goods, requiring specialized planning.
Heavy Fuel Oil Recovery: Removal of viscous IFO 380 and similar bunkers from a casualty, often requiring heating.
Heavy Lift Vessel: Semi submersible ship that floats under a wreck section for dry transport.
Heavycon: BIMCO standard form for the carriage of heavy lift cargoes.
Heerema: Dutch heavy lift contractor operating Thialf and Sleipnir, active in offshore wind foundation and substation installation.
Heli-Lift Salvage: Use of heavy lift helicopters to deliver pumps, generators, and personnel to a casualty.
Hellespont Salvage: Greek salvage company with international LOF experience.
Hermod: Heerema SSCV retired from service after decades of platform installation work.
Hi-Sprint: Vikoma rapid response oil spill recovery system designed for fast water deployment.
HMS Edinburgh Salvage: Recovery of Soviet gold from the British cruiser sunk in 1942, undertaken by Jessop Marine in 1981.
Holding Position: Tug operation to maintain a casualty's location pending decisions on tow destination.
Holystone: Sandstone block used to scour wooden decks during the age of sail.
Hose Recovery System: Pumping setup using floating hose from casualty to recovery vessel.
HS Code Cargo Verification: Reconciliation of declared cargo descriptions during salvage to support general average and customs clearance.
Hull Insurance Salvage Charges: Costs payable by hull underwriters for salvage rendered to the vessel.
Hydraulic power pack: Self contained pumps, tank, and accumulator unit serving steering gear or cargo system.
Hydrocarbon Vapor Monitoring: Continuous gas measurement during cargo and bunker removal to confirm safe atmospheres.

I

IMO Intervention Convention: 1969 treaty allowing coastal state action against foreign flag casualties on the high seas to prevent pollution.
IMO Salvage Convention: International Convention on Salvage, adopted in London on 28 April 1989, in force 1996.
In-situ Burning: Controlled ignition of contained oil slick as primary response technique.
Indemnity for Salvor Negligence: Provision in salvage law limiting salvor liability for incidental damage during a bona fide salvage attempt.
Inerting System: Equipment generating inert gas for tank atmospheres during salvage of flammable cargoes.
Inflatable Boom: Containment boom inflated on deployment, providing high freeboard for offshore conditions.
Inspection Class ROV: Lightweight ROV used for damage assessment surveys of a casualty.
Intelligent Refloating Plan: Salvage plan integrating weather windows, tides, dewatering schedule, and tug pulling power.
Intermediate Award: Provisional Lloyd's award released to a salvor pending final arbitration.
International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Cooperation: OPRC 1990, IMO treaty establishing national and regional spill response capabilities.
International Salvage Union: Trade association of professional marine salvors, established in 1995 with secretariat in London.
Intervention Notice: Formal notice by a coastal state requiring a flag administration or owner to take action to prevent pollution.
Intervention on the High Seas: Coastal state authority exercised beyond territorial waters under the 1969 Intervention Convention.
ISU: International Salvage Union, professional body for the salvage industry founded 1995.
ISU Annual Pollution Prevention Survey: Annual ISU publication quantifying pollutants prevented from entering the marine environment by member salvors.

J

Jackup Towage: Wet tow or dry transport of offshore jackup rigs, requiring detailed marine warranty engineering.
Japan Marine Science: Japanese marine services company involved in salvage and survey operations.
Jettison: Throwing cargo overboard to lighten the ship, may give rise to general average.
JNCC Guidance: UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee guidelines on marine wildlife protection during spill response.
Joint Industry Project: Cooperative funding of salvage technology research and trials.
Jury Rig: Temporary improvised rig set after damage.

K

K Line Casualty: Salvage incidents involving Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha tonnage including the Wakashio grounding off Mauritius in 2020.
Kayo Maru Class Salvage Tug: Japanese salvage tug class operated by Nippon Salvage.
Keel Pressure Distribution: Loading along the keel of a grounded vessel, central to assessing structural risk during refloating.
Kinematic Lifting: Coordinated multi crane lifting using rigid spreaders to control center of gravity.
Kingfisher Information: UK seabed user database consulted for hazards during salvage operations.
KOTUG: Dutch towage company operating harbor, ocean, and emergency response tugs.

L

Lamnalco: International integrated marine services provider with bases in the Middle East and Africa.
Lamor: Finnish manufacturer of oil spill response equipment including brush type skimmers.
Lamor Brush Skimmer: Oil recovery device using rotating brushes to lift oil from the water surface.
Lateral Refloating: Sideways translation of a grounded vessel using cross channel pulls.
Lien for Salvage: Maritime lien attaching to salved property as security for the salvor's reward.
Lifting Bag: Inflatable buoyancy device used by divers to raise objects from the seabed.
Lightering Operation: Transfer of cargo from a casualty into another vessel to reduce draft and weight.
Lloyd's Form: Common shorthand for LOF, the Lloyd's Standard Form of Salvage Agreement.
Lloyd's Open Form: Standard salvage contract, current edition LOF 2020 with SCOPIC 2020.
Lloyd's Salvage Arbitration Branch: Body administering LOF awards and appeals in London.
Lloyd's Salvage Arbitrator: Senior maritime arbitrator appointed by the Council of Lloyd's to determine LOF awards.
LOF 1908: Early standardized edition of the Lloyd's Open Form salvage agreement.
LOF 1990: Edition introducing safety net protections for environmental salvors.
LOF 1995: Edition incorporating refinements to special compensation procedures.
LOF 2000: Edition incorporating Article 14 and SCOPIC by reference.
LOF 2011: Edition with simplified arbitration and FIXED COST clauses.
LOF 2020: Current Lloyd's Open Form with updated SCOPIC 2020 and digital signature.
LOF Notice: Notice provided to Lloyd's that a salvage operation has commenced under LOF.
London Salvage Convention 1989: Common name for the IMO International Convention on Salvage.
Loss of Propulsion Casualty: Vessel disabled by engine room failure, requiring towage to a place of safety.
Lost Container Recovery: Sweep operations to locate and retrieve containers fallen overboard, exemplified by MSC Zoe response.
Lump Sum Award: Salvage reward stated as a fixed amount rather than a percentage of values.
Lusitania: Cunard liner torpedoed by U-20 on 7 May 1915 with 1,198 deaths.

M

Magnetic Hull Patch: Patch held to a steel hull by powerful permanent magnets, used for temporary leak repair.
Main Engine Casualty: Salvage incident initiated by main propulsion failure at sea.
Mammoet: Dutch heavy lift contractor with crawler and ring crane fleet, formerly operating Mammoet Salvage.
Mammoet PTC: Platform Twin Ring crane series providing capacities suitable for refinery and platform modules.
Mammoet Salvage: Heavy lift specialist active in raising of Kursk and similar deep wreck lifts.
Manifold Connection: Hose hookup point on a tanker casualty for ship to ship cargo transfer.
Marine casualty: Event defined in MSC.255(84) covering death, loss, damage, grounding, collision, structural failure, or pollution.
Marine Spill Response Corporation: US OSRO providing Tier 3 spill response in support of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990.
Maritime Lien for Salvage: Codified privilege attaching to salved property to secure the salvor's claim.
Master's Authority to Sign LOF: Statutory and customary authority of the master to bind owners to LOF on behalf of vessel and cargo.
Master's Duty to Render Assistance: Obligation under UNCLOS and SOLAS to render assistance to persons in distress at sea.
McDermott DLV 2000: McDermott derrick lay vessel with heavy lift capability for offshore decommissioning.
Mediterranean Salvage Operators: Regional cluster of salvors based in Greece, Italy, Malta, and Turkey.
Mediterranean Shipping Company: MSC, owns terminals via Terminal Investment Limited.
Methanex Spill Response: Industry response framework relevant to methanol cargo salvage planning.
Micoperi: Italian offshore contractor that partnered with Titan Salvage for the Costa Concordia parbuckling.
Mid Ocean Tow: Long distance ocean towage of a disabled vessel, often spanning thousands of miles.
Minimum Towing Bollard Pull: Calculated bollard pull needed for safe tow of a specific casualty in defined conditions.
Mitigation of Pollution: Salvor's contractual and statutory duty to take reasonable measures to prevent or minimize environmental damage.
Modern Express: 2016 car carrier listing off Bay of Biscay, towed to Bilbao by SMIT salvors.
Modular Lift: Use of modular crane components to assemble bespoke lifting solutions on a casualty.
Moored Salvage Vessel: Salvage tonnage held in position by four point or eight point moorings during refloating work.
Mooring Buoy Casualty: Incident at offshore terminal mooring buoys, often involving hose ruptures.
MSC Flaminia: The container ship that experienced a major cargo fire in mid-Atlantic in July 2012, leading to significant general average and cargo liability claims and US litigation on dangerous cargo.
MSC Napoli: 2007 container ship beached at Branscombe, Devon, after Channel structural failure.