Extended Operational and Trade Vocabulary

Marine Bunker and Cargo Surveying glossary

The bunker- and cargo-surveying vocabulary: above-deck MARPOL representative sampling points, accredited ISO/IEC 17025 laboratories, total acid number screening per ASTM D664, additive-treatment reports, and the quantity-determination and quality-sampling terms. Grounds each term in the bunker-survey method or the cargo-quantity determination it belongs to.

427 defined terms.

Showing 250 on this page (page 1 of 2).

A

Above Deck Sampling Point: Designated drip-sample tap located above main deck on the bunker manifold line, used by surveyors to draw MARPOL representative samples during the entire delivery.
Accredited Laboratory: ISO/IEC 17025 lab performing analysis of IHM samples for asbestos, PCBs, heavy metals, and ODS.
Acid number: Milligrams of KOH required to neutralize the acids in one gram of oil; measured per ASTM D664 for lubricants.
Additive Treatment Report: Surveyor record describing any combustion improver, biocide, or pour-point depressant injected into a bunker stem before, during, or after delivery.
Adjusted Density: Density at 15 degrees C derived from a measured observed density and temperature using ASTM D1250 / ISO 91 tables, used in mass conversion.
Aeration Allowance: Quantitative correction applied during quantity surveys to account for entrained air in residual fuel that inflates volumetric readings without adding mass.
Aft Draft: Reading taken at the aft draft marks on both sides.
After Delivery Survey: Bunker survey leg conducted upon completion of fuel transfer to confirm closing soundings, temperatures, and densities for the receiving vessel.
Air Pocket: Trapped gas volume in a bunker tank that distorts sounding and ullage readings, addressed by venting or applying corrective adjustments.
AIS Vessel Tracking: Use of Automatic Identification System data by survey planners to position surveyors at correct berths and STS rendezvous points.
ALS Marine: Australia-headquartered global testing group operating bunker fuel laboratories in Singapore, Fujairah, and Rotterdam providing ISO 8217 conformity testing.
Aluminum Content: Concentration of aluminum in residual marine fuel determined per ISO 10478, indicative of catalytic fines that abrade fuel pumps and injectors.
Aluminum plus Silicon Limit: Combined Al+Si specification in ISO 8217 capped at 60 mg/kg for many residual grades to protect engines from cat-fine wear.
AmSpec Group: Global petroleum inspection company offering bunker quantity and quality services from offices in Houston, Algeciras, Rotterdam, Fujairah, and Singapore.
Antwerp Bunker Port: Belgian section of the ARA hub, one of the largest European bunkering locations, regulated by the Port of Antwerp-Bruges harbor master.
API Gravity: American Petroleum Institute density scale; higher API = lighter crude.
Apparent Density: Density value read directly from a hydrometer at observed temperature before correction to the reference temperature of 15 degrees C.
Apparent Mass: Mass value calculated from observed volume and apparent density, requiring temperature correction before being recorded on the bunker quantity statement.
ARA Region: Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp bunkering cluster, the largest physical bunker hub in Europe and the location of the 2019 widespread contamination episode.
Aromaticity: Measure of aromatic hydrocarbon content in residual fuels, correlated with ignition delay and quantified through the CCAI index in ISO 8217.
Ash content: Inorganic residue after combustion of a fuel sample, measured per ISO 6245, capped at 0.100% m/m for most residual grades.
Asian Marine Services: Singapore-based inspection firm providing bunker surveying, cargo surveying, and ship condition reports across Southeast Asia.
ASTM D1250: Standard guide for petroleum measurement tables that provides volume correction factors used to bring observed volumes to 15 degrees C.
ASTM D2622: Sulfur in petroleum products by wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence.
ASTM D4057: Standard practice for manual sampling of petroleum and petroleum products, the reference for spot sampling on bunker barges.
ASTM D4177: Standard practice for automatic sampling of petroleum and petroleum products, the reference for flow-proportional bunker line sampling.
ASTM D4294: Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) test for sulphur in petroleum products.
ASTM D7039: Sulfur in gasoline and diesel fuel by monochromatic wavelength dispersive XRF.
ASTM Table 54B: Historical volume correction table for generalized petroleum products at 15 degrees C, now superseded by tables embedded in ISO 91:2017.
ATG: Automatic Tank Gauging system using radar, servo, or capacitance technology to measure liquid level continuously inside a marine fuel or cargo tank.
Auramarine Sampler: Brand of continuous drip sampler manufactured by Auramarine, accepted for MARPOL-compliant bunker sampling on bunker barges and vessel manifolds.
Average Cargo Temperature: Volumetrically weighted mean temperature of all tanks holding the same cargo grade, used in volume-to-mass conversion calculations.

B

B100: Marine biofuel grade composed of 100 percent FAME or HVO, used in trials and select coastal services.
B24 Blend: Marine fuel containing up to 24 percent FAME by volume, marketed under Singapore-led trials and ISO 8217 biofuel grades.
B30 Blend: Marine fuel containing up to 30 percent FAME by volume, the upper limit of common commercial bunker biofuel blends.
B7 Blend: Marine fuel containing up to 7 percent FAME by volume, the entry-level biofuel grade widely accepted across global bunker hubs.
Back Calculation: Method of recomputing delivered fuel quantity by working backward from the receiving vessel's measured ROB increase when supplier figures are disputed.
Bagged Cargo Survey: Tally and condition inspection of cargoes shipped in bags such as cement, rice, or fertilizer, with damage recorded by lot and bag count.
Ballast Survey: Verification of all ballast water volumes on board at the time of the initial and final draft surveys, essential to isolating cargo weight.
Ballast Water Density: Measured specific gravity of ballast water in segregated and non-segregated tanks, used in draft survey deductions.
Baltic SECA: Sulfur Emission Control Area covering the Baltic Sea since 2006, requiring fuel with maximum 0.10 percent sulfur or equivalent abatement.
Barge Manifest: Document listing planned bunker quantities, grades, and tank distributions on a delivery barge, cross-checked by the surveyor before transfer.
Barge Quantity Survey: Pre-delivery and post-delivery measurement of all bunker tanks on a delivery barge to compute delivered quantity by difference.
BDN: Bunker delivery note required under MARPOL Annex VI.
BDN Retention: Mandatory three-year on-board retention of all bunker delivery notes for inspection by port state control under MARPOL Annex VI.
Before Delivery Survey: Opening leg of a bunker survey recording initial soundings, temperatures, and densities of both barge and vessel tanks.
Bilge Sampling: Drawing of samples from engine room bilges or cargo hold bilges to investigate suspected leakage or contamination of fuel or cargo.
Biocide Injection: Treatment of distillate or biofuel bunkers with biocidal additives to suppress microbial growth, recorded by the surveyor when performed.
Biofuel Blend: Marine fuel containing biocomponents such as FAME, captured under DFA, DFZ, and DFB grades introduced in ISO 8217.
Biofuel Stability: Resistance of biofuel blends to oxidation and microbial degradation, monitored through Rancimat induction period and FAME content tests.
Black Cargo: Industry shorthand for crude oil and heavy residual products handled in segregated tankers and surveyed with ullage-based methods.
Blank Sample: Reference sample of pure solvent or clean fuel analyzed alongside delivery samples to detect laboratory contamination.
Blank Tank Verification: Visual and instrumental confirmation that a tank reported as empty contains no measurable liquid before commencing a transfer.
Blending on board: Mixing two fuels in ship tanks, generally discouraged due to stability risk.
Blending Ratio Calculation: Volumetric or mass calculation of component proportions when residual and distillate or biofuel components are combined for a bunker stem.
Blind Sample: Sealed sample whose identity is withheld from the testing laboratory to ensure unbiased analytical results.
Bonjean curves: Sectional area versus draft used in hydrostatic calculations.
Booming Test: Pre-transfer verification that oil spill containment booms are deployed and functional in regions where required by local regulation.
Bottom sample: Sample drawn from the lowest accessible point of a tank.
Bridge Vessel Experience Factor: VEF value applied when transferring cargo between two ships, accounting for systematic differences in onboard measurements.
Brookes Bell: A British marine consultancy founded in 1903 providing master mariners, naval architects, metallurgists, scientists, and warranty surveyors for casualty and risk work.
Bulk Cargo Survey: Quantity and quality survey of unpackaged dry bulk cargo such as iron ore, coal, grain, or bauxite, typically performed by draft survey.
Bunker barge: Tanker delivering fuel oil, MGO, or LNG to a cruise ship at berth or at anchor.
Bunker Bond: Inventory document accompanying duty-free bunker fuel transferred to international voyages, controlled by customs authorities.
Bunker Buyer: Charterer or shipowner contracting for fuel supply and engaging an independent surveyor to verify quantity and quality.
Bunker claim: Formal commercial dispute alleging off-specification or short delivery.
Bunker Compatibility Test: Spot test on filter paper such as ASTM D4740 to assess whether two residual fuels will form sludge when mixed on board.
Bunker contract: Sale and purchase agreement covering grade, quantity, price, delivery location, and quality terms for marine fuel.
Bunker Delivery Receipt: Master's receipt acknowledging bunker quantity and quality delivered.
Bunker Detectives: Brand operated within the Veritas Petroleum Services group focused on bunker quality investigations and dispute resolution.
Bunker hose: Reinforced flexible hose used between barge manifold and ship manifold during transfer.
Bunker Manifold: Set of cross connected flanged piping on the receiving vessel where bunker hoses are connected.
Bunker Receipt: Document signed by the chief engineer acknowledging the volume and grade received, distinct from the BDN.
Bunker Stem: Single bunker order identified by vessel, port, supplier, grade, and quantity.
Bunker survey: Quantity and quality measurement at delivery and redelivery.
Bunker Surveyor: Independent surveyor certifying bunker quantity and quality.
Bunker Tank: Dedicated storage tank on a vessel holding heavy fuel oil, marine gas oil, or low sulfur fuel oil for propulsion and auxiliary use.
Bunker Voyage Analysis: Reconciliation of bunker consumption against engine running hours and noon reports to detect leakage or off-spec performance.
Bureau Veritas Inspection Services: Commodities and trade inspection arm of Bureau Veritas covering bunker fuel, petroleum, and cargo quantity verification.
Bureau Veritas Marine: Marine and Offshore division of the Bureau Veritas group providing classification and inspection services including bunker and cargo surveys.

C

Caleb Brett: Historic petroleum inspection brand operating within Intertek, providing bunker quantity and quality services at major hub ports.
Calibration certificate: Document certifying calibration of cargo or bunker measurement systems.
Calibration Table: Tank-specific table relating sounded or ullaged liquid height to volume, prepared by the shipyard and validated by classification societies.
Camin Cargo Control: A US-headquartered independent inspection company specializing in petroleum, petrochemical, and biofuels cargo surveys and laboratory testing.
Cargo Damage Survey: Inspection establishing nature, extent, and cause of cargo damage.
Cargo Delivery Report: Surveyor's narrative and quantitative report at discharge port describing condition and quantity delivered, often abbreviated CDR.
Cargo Hold Cleanliness Survey: Inspection grading holds as load-ready for grain, ore, coal, or other cargoes.
Cargo Manifest: Statutory list of cargo carried.
Cargo Quantity Statement: Document recording measured cargo quantities at loading or discharge, jointly signed by master, surveyor, and terminal.
Cargo Survey: A general term covering inspections at loading, in transit, or at discharge to verify quantity, quality, condition, and stowage of cargo.
Cargo Surveyor: Independent inspector of loaded or discharged cargo.
Cargo Tank Capacity Plan: Approved drawing showing tank dimensions, capacities, and reference points, the basis for vessel calibration tables.
Cargo Temperature Profile: Recording of cargo temperature at top, middle, and bottom of each tank using calibrated portable thermometers.
Carriage Requirements: SOLAS V/19 list of equipment that ships must carry, including AIS, EPIRB, SART and NAVTEX.
Cat fines: Aluminosilicate catalyst particles from refinery FCC units, abrasive to liners, rings, and fuel pumps.
CCAI: Calculated carbon aromaticity index of residual fuel, derived from density and viscosity.
CCAI 870 Threshold: Working threshold above which residual fuels are flagged for potential ignition and combustion issues by ISO 8217 guidance.
Certificate of Quality: Laboratory document accompanying a bunker delivery summarizing test results against the ISO 8217 grade specification.
Certificate of Quantity: Surveyor or terminal document stating the measured quantity of cargo or bunkers delivered, expressed in cubic meters and metric tons.
Chain Locker Sounding: Inspection of chain locker for water ingress, occasionally noted during pre-loading hold and deck surveys.
Charterer: Party who hires the vessel under a charter party.
CIET: Council of International Marine Cargo Inspectors, industry body representing marine cargo and petroleum inspection companies.
Class F Fuels: Designation in ISO 8217 covering all residual and distillate marine fuels distinguished from land-based classes A through E.
Closed Gauging: Tank measurement using a portable closed instrument inserted through a vapor lock, retaining tank pressure and reducing gas exposure.
Closed Sampling: Sample drawing technique using a portable closed sampler through a vapor lock without venting tank atmosphere to deck.
Coal Cargo Survey: Draft survey and quality sampling of coal cargoes, with attention to moisture, calorific value, and self-heating risk under IMSBC.
Coastal Bunkering: Fuel supply operation conducted while a vessel is at anchor or alongside in coastal waters rather than at a terminal berth.
Coefficient of Cubic Expansion: Volumetric thermal expansion factor of a petroleum product used in temperature corrections to standard reference temperature.
Cold Filter Plugging Point: Lowest temperature at which a fuel passes a standard filter, relevant for distillate and biofuel cold-weather operations.
Combined Carriage Survey: Inspection covering both cargo loading and bunker uptake when both take place at the same berth on the same call.
Combined Standard Uncertainty: Statistical measure aggregating contributing uncertainties of measurement, applied when quantifying survey accuracy.
Commingled Cargo: Two parcels of identical specification carried in the same tank.
Compatibility spot test: ASTM D4740 procedure assessing residual fuel compatibility by depositing a heated drop on filter paper and rating against reference spots.
Compliant Fuel: Marine fuel meeting the applicable sulfur cap, currently 0.50 percent globally and 0.10 percent in SECAs under MARPOL Annex VI.
Conradson Carbon Residue: Older test for carbon residue in residual fuels, now largely replaced by Micro Carbon Residue per ISO 10370.
Container Condition Survey: Inspection of intermodal containers for damage, certification, and seaworthiness before loading or after discharge.
Container Weight Verification: SOLAS Verified Gross Mass procedure since 2016 requiring shippers to declare the verified weight of each packed container.
Continuous drip sampler: In-line sampling device taking a small flow from the bunker hose throughout delivery to build a representative composite sample.
Contract Quantity: Nominated bunker or cargo volume in a sales contract, against which delivered quantity is compared with permitted tolerance.
Conversion to Vacuum: Petroleum measurement adjustment from mass-in-air to mass-in-vacuum, performed when fiscal or custody-transfer rules require it.
Core Laboratories: Parent company of the Saybolt petroleum inspection brand operating bunker survey services globally.
Coriolis Mass Flow Meter: Direct mass measurement device used in bunker custody transfer based on Coriolis force on a vibrating tube.
Cotecna Inspection: Geneva-headquartered inspection group providing petroleum, mineral, and agricultural cargo survey services.
Crank Web Deflection: Engine condition check performed alongside bunker investigations when fuel quality is suspected of causing main engine distress.
Cross-Check Sample: Duplicate sample sent to a second accredited laboratory to verify primary analytical results in dispute scenarios.
Crude Oil Washing Survey: Inspection during COW operations on crude tankers to verify procedures, quantities, and ROB compliance.
Cubic Coefficient: Volume expansion coefficient applied per ASTM D1250 / ISO 91 to correct observed volume to 15 degrees C.

D

Damage Survey: Investigation into hull, machinery, or cargo damage and probable cause.
Daughter Vessel: Smaller craft launched from a salvage mother ship for shallow water work.
Deadfreight Survey: Quantification of cargo capacity not utilized at loading, used as a basis for deadfreight claims under charter party.
Deadweight Constant: Sum of fixed weights not declared individually in draft survey calculations.
Deadweight Survey: Determination of available deadweight at given draft using hydrostatics.
Deballasting Survey: Verification of ballast water discharged and recorded between loading legs, often combined with cargo draft surveys.
Debris Sampling: Collection of solid debris from cargo holds or tanks for analytical identification when contamination is suspected.
Delivered Quantity: Final agreed quantity of bunker or cargo transferred, recorded on the delivery note after surveyor reconciliation.
Delivery Note: Generic term for a bunker or cargo document evidencing transfer of product from supplier to receiver.
Density at 15 degrees C: Reference density of marine fuels expressed in kg/m3, determined per ISO 12185 and used in mass-to-volume conversion.
DFA: Biofuel-containing distillate marine fuel grade in ISO 8217 corresponding to DMA character with FAME content up to specified limit.
DFB: Biofuel-containing distillate marine fuel grade in ISO 8217 corresponding to DMB character with FAME content within specified limit.
DFZ: Biofuel-containing distillate marine fuel grade in ISO 8217 corresponding to DMZ character with FAME content within specified limit.
Discharge Survey: Quantity and condition check at port of discharge.
Discharge Temperature: Temperature of cargo measured at discharge, used in volume correction calculations and in heating-clause compliance checks.
Disputed Quantity: Difference between supplier-claimed and surveyor-measured quantity, formalized by Letter of Protest when material.
Distillate Marine Fuel: Lighter, refinery-distilled marine fuel covered by ISO 8217 DMA, DMZ, DMB, and DMX grades.
DMA: ISO 8217 distillate marine grade A, gas oil equivalent, sulphur limited per regional ECA rules.
DMB: Distillate grade B, blended distillate with limited residual contamination.
DMX: Distillate grade X with the highest flash point flexibility for emergency engines.
DMZ: Distillate grade with higher minimum viscosity than DMA for engines requiring lubricity.
Documentation Survey: Review of vessel certificates, manuals, and records for completeness and validity.
Draft: Vertical distance from waterline to lowest point of the hull.
Draft Reading: Visual or instrumental observation of vessel draft at the six standard positions of forward, midship, and aft on both port and starboard sides.
Draft survey: Cargo weight determination by hydrostatic calculation.
Drip sample: Sample continuously drawn at constant rate during bunker transfer via a sampling cock at the ship manifold.

E

ECA: Emission Control Area for SOx, NOx, or PM under MARPOL Annex VI.
Electronic Bunker Delivery Note: Digital BDN format introduced in Singapore under MPA regulation, signed using cryptographic credentials.
Endress Hauser Promass: Coriolis mass flow meter family from Endress Hauser approved for bunker delivery service in Singapore.
Engine Damage Investigation: Joint forensic survey examining engine wear and deposits when off-specification fuel is suspected.
Enraf 854 ATG: Servo-type Automatic Tank Gauging system manufactured by Honeywell Enraf used on tankers and bunker barges.
Estimated Sample Temperature: Temperature at which a sealed retained sample is preserved pending analysis, recorded by the surveyor.
Export Bill of Lading: Document of title for cargo shipped, used by surveyors to cross-check declared shipping weight against measured weight.

F

FAME: See Biodiesel.
FAME Content Test: Analytical determination of biodiesel concentration in marine fuel by infrared spectroscopy per EN 14078.
Fatty Acid Contamination: Presence of unintended fatty acid material in residual or distillate fuel, implicated in the 2018 Singapore contamination event.
Federation of Oils Seeds and Fats Associations: London-based trade body known as FOSFA issuing form contracts and inspection rules for vegetable oils and fats.
FIATA: International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations.
First Drip Sample: Initial portion drawn into a continuous sampler at the start of transfer, retained as part of the composite sample.
First Foot Sample: Sample drawn after the first measurable amount of cargo or bunker has entered a previously empty tank to confirm specification.
Flash point: Lowest temperature at which fuel vapor ignites with a pilot flame; minimum 60 C for SOLAS marine fuels (Pensky-Martens closed cup, ISO 2719).
Flow Meter Sealing: Tamper-evident sealing of bunker custody-transfer meters by regulatory authorities to maintain measurement integrity.
Flow Proportional Sampling: Sampling rate proportional to fuel flow rate, producing a representative composite over the full transfer.
FOBAS: Lloyd's Register Fuel Oil Bunker Analysis and Advisory Service.
Forward Draft: Draft read at the forward perpendicular, one of the six required positions in a standard draft survey.
FOSFA: Federation of Oils, Seeds and Fats Associations; sets vegoil shipping cleanliness rules.
Free water: Visible water phase distinct from fuel, settling at tank bottoms.
Fuel Oil Quality Regulation: MARPOL Annex VI Regulation 18 framework governing supplier registration, BDN content, sampling, and sample retention.
Fuel Performance Investigation: Engineering and analytical study correlating observed engine behavior with fuel test results in dispute scenarios.
Fujairah Bunker Hub: Major Middle East bunkering port operated under the Fujairah Oil Industry Zone with MFM mandates since 2021.
Fungible Cargo: Cargo of identical grade and specification that can be commingled and apportioned by volume or mass at discharge.

G

GAFTA: Grain and Feed Trade Association, London-based commodity arbitration administrator whose awards are frequently cited in voyage charter cases.
GAFTA 49: Standard form contract issued by GAFTA for the carriage of grain in bulk, including survey and sampling provisions.
GAFTA 64: Standard form contract issued by GAFTA for the carriage of feedingstuffs in bulk, used in international grain trades.
Gas-free certificate: Certificate before hot work in tanks.
General Cargo Survey: Inspection of break-bulk and packaged general cargo including tally, condition, marks, and damage assessment.
Grade Segregation: Physical separation of different fuel or cargo grades in dedicated tanks and lines to avoid commingling and contamination.
Grain Cargo Survey: Draft survey, hold inspection, and sampling for grain cargoes carried under SOLAS Chapter VI and the International Grain Code.

H

Harbor Density: Density of harbor water measured at the time of draft survey, used to convert vessel displacement to mass.
Hatch Cover Survey: Inspection of weathertight covers including seals, cleats, and panels.
Hatch Sealing: Application of tamper-evident seals to closed hatches after loading to provide evidence of integrity during voyage.
Heating Coil Survey: Pressure and integrity testing of cargo tank heating coils before loading heated cargoes such as fuel oil or vegetable oils.
Hempel Hydrometer: Brand of glass petroleum hydrometer commonly used by surveyors for manual density measurement of fuel and cargo.
High Sulfur Fuel Oil: Residual fuel exceeding 0.50 percent sulfur, used only with approved exhaust gas cleaning systems under MARPOL Annex VI.
Hold Cleanliness Standard: Cleanliness grade such as "Grain Clean" or "Hospital Clean" required before loading specific dry bulk cargoes.
Hold Survey: A general structural and operational inspection of cargo holds for bulk carriers and general cargo ships.
Hose Test: Water hose application to hatch covers and weathertight closures to verify watertight integrity.
Houston Bunker Contamination 2018: Widely reported fuel quality episode in 2018 involving contaminated fuel ex-Houston affecting numerous vessels worldwide.
Hydrometer Correction: Adjustment of hydrometer reading for meniscus, surface tension, and glass expansion when computing density at 15 degrees C.
Hydrostatic Tables: Vessel-specific tables relating draft to displacement, used to convert measured drafts into cargo weight in draft surveys.

I

ICS Bunker Compliance Notes: Industry guidance published by the International Chamber of Shipping addressing bunker quality and MARPOL Annex VI duties.
IFIA: International Federation of Inspection Agencies representing accredited testing, inspection, and certification companies globally.
IGC Code: International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk.
IMO 2020 Sulfur Cap: Global cap on marine fuel sulfur content at 0.50 percent mass by mass, in force since 1 January 2020 under MARPOL Annex VI.
Inchcape Shipping Services: Port agency group headquartered in London and Dubai, founded in 1847.
Independent surveyor: P&I or charterer surveyor attending operations.
Initial Sounding: First set of tank soundings taken at the start of a bunker or cargo operation, defining the opening quantity baseline.
Inspectorate: Bureau Veritas group company providing bunker quantity survey and sampling services worldwide.
Intertek: International testing and inspection firm with cargo and marine survey services.
Intertek Bunker Survey: Bunker surveying service line within Intertek covering quantity, quality, and dispute investigation.
Intertek Cargo Inspection: Cargo inspection service line within Intertek covering petroleum, chemical, and agricultural commodities.
ISO 10307: International standard test method for total sediment in residual fuel oils, with parts addressing aged and existent sediment.
ISO 10370: Determination of carbon residue by micro method.
ISO 10478: Determination of aluminum and silicon in fuel oil by ICP-OES or AAS.
ISO 12185: Density by oscillating U-tube.
ISO 14596: Sulfur determination by wavelength dispersive XRF.
ISO 14597: International standard test method for vanadium and nickel in liquid fuels by X-ray fluorescence.
ISO 1644:2024: International specification for methanol used as a marine fuel.
ISO 16711:2018: International standard for the determination of the mass of bulk cargoes carried in seagoing vessels by means of draft surveys.
ISO 2719: International standard test method for flash point determination by Pensky-Martens closed cup tester.
ISO 3016: International standard test method for pour point of petroleum products including residual marine fuels.
ISO 3104: Kinematic viscosity by capillary viscometer.
ISO 3170: International standard for manual sampling of liquid petroleum and petroleum products from tanks and pipelines.
ISO 3171: International standard for automatic pipeline sampling of liquid petroleum and petroleum products.
ISO 3675: Density by hydrometer.
ISO 3733: Water content by distillation.
ISO 4259: Statistical interpretation of test data for petroleum products, used to assess spec compliance with precision.
ISO 4267: International standard for petroleum measurement procedures for static measurement of liquid hydrocarbons in tanks.
ISO 6245: Determination of ash from petroleum products.
ISO 8216-1: Classification of petroleum products for marine use.
ISO 8217: International standard for marine fuel oil specifications.
ISO 8217:2010: Fourth edition introducing the 60 mg/kg aluminum plus silicon cap and revised stability requirements.
ISO 8217:2017: Sixth edition with renumbered distillate grades, DFA/DFZ/DFB FAME-containing grades, and updated stability/cleanliness requirements.
ISO 8217:2024: Specification of petroleum products for fuels for marine diesel engines, including grades incorporating biofuel content.
ISO 8754: Sulphur in petroleum products by EDXRF.
ISO 91: International standard for petroleum measurement tables providing volume correction factors to 15 degrees C, replacing legacy ASTM Table 54B usage.
ISO 91:2017: Revised edition of ISO 91 consolidating petroleum measurement tables aligned with API MPMS Chapter 11.1.
ISO/IEC 17025: International standard for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, the accreditation baseline for fuel test labs.
ISO/PAS 23306:2020: Publicly available specification for LNG as a fuel, used in LNG bunker quality and quantity transfers.
ITS: Intertek Testing Services, the historic brand of Intertek's commodities inspection business including bunker and cargo work.

J

Jensen Sampler: Brand of continuous drip sampler accepted for MARPOL Annex VI compliant sampling on bunker lines.
Joint Inspection: Survey attended jointly by buyer, seller, and independent surveyor.
Joint sampling: Drip sampling witnessed by both supplier and receiver representatives.
Jowa Sampler: Brand of continuous drip sampler manufactured by Jowa AB used for MARPOL compliant bunker line sampling.

K

Kinematic Viscosity at 50 degrees C: Reference viscosity property of residual marine fuels measured per ISO 3104, the basis of RM grade numbering.
Klein Iron Test: Spot test occasionally referenced in field investigations to detect iron contamination in residual fuels.
Krohne BM 100: Microwave radar tank gauge produced by Krohne used for level measurement in cargo and bunker tanks.
Krohne Optimass: Coriolis mass flow meter series used for LNG custody transfer.

L

Laboratory Report: Document issued by an accredited testing laboratory presenting analytical results for bunker or cargo samples.
Lashing Survey: Inspection of cargo securing arrangement and equipment.
Letter of indemnity: LOI, undertaking to indemnify carrier for actions taken without bills of lading.
Letter of Protest: LOP, document issued during disputes at the cargo interface.
Light Cycle Oil: Refinery cracked stream sometimes blended into residual marine fuels, monitored for stability and CCAI implications.