Extended Operational and Trade Vocabulary

Marine Loss Adjusters, GA Practice, and Casualty Firms glossary

Vocabulary of average adjusting and general-average practice: the average-adjuster associations of the UK, US and Canada and their rules of practice, abandonment and actual and constructive total loss under the Marine Insurance Act 1906, average bonds securing GA contributions, and the casualty firms handling marine claims adjustment.

239 defined terms.

A

AAA (Association of Average Adjusters, UK): Professional body founded in London in 1869 to standardize practice among average adjusters handling marine insurance claims.
AAAA (Association of Average Adjusters of the United States): US professional association of average adjusters, founded in 1879, that publishes Rules of Practice for US marine claims.
AAACN: Association of Average Adjusters of Canada, the Canadian counterpart professional body for average adjusting practice.
Abandonment: act by which an insured cedes proprietary rights in the insured property to underwriters as a precondition for claiming a constructive total loss.
ABS Bond: Average bond form commonly used to secure a cargo owner's contribution to general average pending final adjustment.
Actual Total Loss (ATL): total loss under section 57 of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 where the subject matter is destroyed, so damaged as to cease to be a thing of the kind insured, or irretrievably deprived from the…
Adjuster's Certificate: Document issued by an average adjuster certifying the amount due in respect of a general average or particular average claim.
Adjustment: the calculation prepared by an average adjuster apportioning loss between interests.
Aitchison Raffety Marine: UK marine surveying practice handling hull and cargo casualty inspections.
Albatross Adjusters: Malta-based average adjusters serving Mediterranean and international markets.
All risks cover: ICC(A) Institute Cargo Clauses A.
Allowances: Items credited in a general average adjustment, such as wages and maintenance of crew at a port of refuge under York-Antwerp Rules.
AMU (American Institute of Marine Underwriters): New York-based trade association representing US marine insurers, also styled AIMU, established in 1898.
Aon Marine: Global insurance broker with a dedicated marine practice handling placement and claims advocacy for hull, cargo, and liability risks.
Apportionment: The process of dividing general average losses among contributing interests (ship, cargo, freight) in proportion to their contributory values.
Ardent: Salvage joint venture between Svitzer Salvage and Crowley Maritime, ceased trading 2019.
Article 13 Criteria: Salvage Convention 1989 factors used to fix LOF awards, including value salved, skill, and environmental risk.
Article 14: 1989 Salvage Convention special compensation for environmental protection efforts.
Average: Loss apportioned in general or particular average under York-Antwerp Rules.
Average Adjuster: independent professional who prepares general average and complex particular average statements.
Average Bond: A written undertaking by cargo interests to pay their general average contribution once adjusted, given in exchange for delivery of the goods.
Average Deposit: Cash sum collected from cargo interests as security for general average contribution prior to release of cargo.
Average Disbursements Account: Ledger maintained by the shipowner recording payments at port of refuge and other GA-related expenditures.
Average Guarantee: written undertaking, typically by cargo underwriters, to pay the cargo's general average contribution.
Average Statement: The final published adjustment document setting out contributions and allowances in a GA case.
Axiom Ince: Successor firm to Ince & Co following the 2023 acquisition; entered administration in October 2023 amid regulatory intervention by the SRA.

B

Bailee's Liability: Liability of a party in possession of goods belonging to another, often relevant to terminal and warehouse cargo claims.
Bareboat Charter: Demise charter under which the charterer becomes disponent owner.
Bermuda Form: Excess liability policy wording sometimes encountered in marine energy losses, providing arbitration in London under Bermuda law.
Bill of Lading Holder: Party in lawful possession of the bill of lading and primary contracting party against the carrier for cargo claims.
Blank Rome LLP: US law firm with one of the largest maritime practices in the country, headquartered in Philadelphia with offices in major US ports.
Bond, Average: See Average Bond.
Boskalis Salvage: Salvage division of Boskalis operating under the Smit Salvage brand from Rotterdam.
Brit Insurance: Lloyd's insurer underwriting marine hull and cargo through Syndicate 2987.
Brookes Bell: A British marine consultancy founded in 1903 providing master mariners, naval architects, metallurgists, scientists, and warranty surveyors for casualty and risk work.
Burden of proof: Allocation of the duty to establish facts; in maritime arbitration typically falls on the claimant to prove its case on the balance of probabilities.

C

Cargo Average Guarantee: Underwriter's written guarantee replacing a cash deposit for GA contribution, issued on behalf of insured cargo.
Cargo Claims Handler: Claims professional within a P&I club, insurer, or correspondent firm specializing in damage, shortage, and delay claims under bills of lading.
Casualty: a marine accident causing or threatening loss.
Casualty Bureau: Lloyd's department coordinating notifications and tracking of major marine casualties.
Casualty Investigator: Specialist surveyor or engineer engaged to determine the cause and extent of a marine casualty for insurers or litigators.
Chaffe McCall LLP: New Orleans-based law firm with a long-established maritime and admiralty practice serving Gulf Coast clients.
Charles Taylor & Co Limited: London-based managing agent for The Standard Club (now NorthStandard) and related P&I and specialty insurance entities.
Charles Taylor Adjusting: International loss adjusting business of Charles Taylor plc, providing marine and energy claims services worldwide.
Charles Taylor plc: Listed (now private) UK group providing claims management, adjusting, and insurance services across marine and aviation lines.
Charterers' Liability: P&I and FD&D cover for time, voyage, or slot charterers.
Clyde & Co LLP: Global law firm headquartered in London with one of the largest marine and shipping practices worldwide.
COGSA (US Carriage of Goods by Sea Act): US statute of 1936 enacting the Hague Rules into US domestic law for outbound and inbound carriage.
Collision Liability: Liability arising from physical contact between two vessels, allocated three quarters to P&I under the Three-Fourths Running Down Clause and one quarter to hull.
Common Maritime Adventure: The shared enterprise of ship, cargo, and freight that underpins the doctrine of general average.
Constructive Total Loss (CTL): total loss under section 60 of the Marine Insurance Act 1906 where actual total loss appears unavoidable or repairs would exceed the repaired value (ITC Hulls 1/10/83 uses insured value).
Contractor's Special Casualty Representative: See SCR.
Contributory Value: The value of each interest contributing to general average, used as the basis for computing each party's contribution.
Crawford & Company: Atlanta-headquartered global loss adjusting firm with a dedicated marine and transportation claims practice.
CTM (Constructive Total Loss Mock-Up): Calculation comparing insured value to cost of repair plus salvage charges to test CTL threshold.
Cunningham Lindsey: International loss adjusting business acquired by Sedgwick in 2018, with significant historical marine claims practice.
CWA International: London-based marine and cargo consultancy providing scientific and engineering casualty investigation.

D

Declaration of General Average: Formal declaration by the master or shipowner that an act constituting GA has occurred, triggering the adjustment process.
Deductible: amount of each claim borne by the assured before the policy responds, also called franchise or excess.
Demise charter: Bareboat charter.
Demurrage: Liquidated damages for detention of ship beyond laytime.
Deviation: Departure from the contractual or geographic voyage; historically a fundamental breach.
Disbursements Insurance: Hull cover insuring increased value, freight, or other interests of the shipowner above the hull and machinery value.
DNV Maritime Advisory: Casualty investigation and risk advisory arm of DNV classification society.
Donjon-Smit: Joint venture of Donjon Marine and Smit Salvage holding the largest US OPA 90 OSRO and salvage approval network.

E

Eagle Adjusters: Independent average adjusting practice handling international GA work.
Ek & Schiller: German firm of dispacheurs (average adjusters) operating from Hamburg.
Environmental Salvage: Operations whose primary value lies in preventing pollution under Article 14.
Excess of Loss Reinsurance: A reinsurance treaty responding when individual losses or aggregations exceed an agreed retention.
Expenditure, General Average: Extraordinary monetary outlays voluntarily incurred for the common safety, such as port of refuge dues, qualifying for GA contribution.

F

Fairplay Salvors: Hamburg-based towage and salvage company providing North Sea and Baltic response.
Five Oceans Salvage: Greek-based salvage contractor with global LOF response capability.
Five Powers Bond: Form of average bond historically used for multi-jurisdiction GA cases.
Forensic Engineer, Marine: Engineer engaged to investigate failures of hulls, machinery, or cargo for litigation, insurance, or casualty determination.
Freight at Risk: freight payable on delivery and therefore exposed to loss, eligible for separate insurance.
Freight, Pro Rata: Freight earned in proportion to the voyage completed when contract is frustrated, relevant to GA contributing value.
Fund Formula: Salvage award convention whereby award is expressed as a percentage of the salved fund (ship + cargo + freight at risk).

G

GAIL (General Average Insurance Loss): Settlement category in marine claims systems tracking insurers' share of GA losses.
Gallagher Specialty Marine: Marine division of Arthur J. Gallagher providing broking and claims advocacy across hull, cargo, and P&I lines.
Gard: The Norwegian-headquartered Assuranceforeningen Gard, an International Group P&I club founded in 1907, also writing energy and marine liability lines.
General Average (GA): voluntary sacrifice or extraordinary expenditure intentionally and reasonably made for the common safety, codified in the York-Antwerp Rules.
General Average Act: act giving rise to a GA claim, defined in Rule A of the York-Antwerp Rules.
General Average Bond: undertaking by cargo interests on Lloyd's form to pay any GA contribution found due.
General Average Deposit: cash payment by cargo interests as security pending adjustment.
General Average Expenditure: See Expenditure, General Average.
General Average Sacrifice: voluntary destruction or damage of property to save the common adventure.
General Average Security: Cash deposit, underwriter guarantee, or bond collected from cargo interests before delivery to secure their future contribution.
Glomar Adjusters: International average adjusting firm.

H

Hague Rules: 1924 international convention on carrier liability under bills of lading.
Hague-Visby Rules: 1968 Visby Protocol and 1979 SDR Protocol to the Hague Rules.
Hamburg Rules: 1978 UN Convention on Carriage of Goods by Sea.
Hellenic War Risks Mutual: Greek war risks mutual managed by Tindall Riley.
HFW US: New York and Houston-based US offices of Holman Fenwick Willan providing maritime, energy, and trade dispute services.
Hill Dickinson LLP: UK law firm with substantial marine insurance, P&I, and cargo claims practice based in Liverpool and London.
Holland & Knight LLP: US national law firm with a leading maritime practice across Florida, New York, and the Gulf Coast.
Holman Fenwick Willan (HFW): An international law firm with a leading shipping and trade practice.
Hudig Veder Marine: Dutch marine claims and survey firm with historical roots in Rotterdam shipping.
Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP: New York-headquartered US law firm with a longstanding admiralty and maritime practice.
Hull and Machinery (H&M): insurance of the ship and her machinery against physical loss or damage.

I

IG Clubs: The thirteen mutual P&I clubs forming the International Group, providing liability cover and pooling claims above retention.
Ince & Co: A historic London shipping law firm, which entered administration in 2019 with parts of the practice continuing under successor firms.
Indemnity Principle: The principle that marine insurance is a contract of indemnity, restricting recovery to actual loss subject to agreed value provisions.
Independent Adjuster: Adjuster instructed jointly by ship and cargo interests for an impartial general average adjustment.
Inman & Co Adjusters: Historic London average adjusters.
Institute Cargo Clauses (A, B, C): London market cargo wordings published by the International Underwriting Association.
Institute Time Clauses Hulls (ITCH): Standard London market hull wording, with widely used 1983 and 1995 editions still encountered in claims.
International Group of P&I Clubs: Association of 12 mutual P&I insurers.

J

JCC Cargo Clauses: Joint Cargo Committee clauses promulgated by Lloyd's Market Association.
Jettison: Throwing cargo overboard to lighten the ship, may give rise to general average.
JLT Specialty: Marine and specialty broker acquired by Marsh in 2019 and merged into Marsh JLT Specialty.

K

Kennedys Law LLP: International law firm with specialty in insurance and reinsurance disputes, including marine.
King v Brandywine Reinsurance: English authority on follow-the-settlements clauses in marine reinsurance, decided in 2005.
Knock-for-Knock: Reciprocal indemnity arrangement in offshore and towage contracts.

L

Lien on Cargo: Carrier's right to retain cargo as security for freight, demurrage or general average.
Limitation of Liability Act 1851 (US): US statute codified at 46 USC sections 30501 to 30512.
LLMC 1976/1996: Convention on Limitation of Liability for Maritime Claims, with 1996 Protocol and 2012 limit amendments.
Lloyd's Average Bond: standard form bond signed by consignees for the release of cargo subject to GA contribution.
Lloyd's Form Arbitrators: Panel of senior maritime arbitrators in London who hear and determine salvage disputes referred under LOF.
Lloyd's Open Form (LOF): Standard salvage agreement with no-cure-no-pay basis and SCOPIC.
Lloyd's Salvage Arbitration Branch: Body administering LOF awards and appeals in London.
LMAA: London Maritime Arbitrators Association.
Lockton Marine: Marine practice of Lockton Companies, an employee-owned global insurance broker.
LOF 2020: Current Lloyd's Open Form with updated SCOPIC 2020 and digital signature.
London Salvage Convention 1989: Common name for the IMO International Convention on Salvage.
Loss Adjuster: An independent professional appointed to investigate, quantify, and apportion marine claims.
LSSA Clauses: Lloyd's Standard Salvage and Arbitration Clauses governing LOF arbitral procedure.

M

Maples Group: Offshore legal services group based in the Cayman Islands handling vessel finance, mortgages, and offshore corporate counsel.
Marine Engineer, Forensic: Specialist examining propulsion, electrical, or auxiliary failures after casualty.
Marine Insurance Act 1906: UK statute codifying marine insurance law, substantially amended for non-consumer business by the Insurance Act 2015.
Marsh Marine & Cargo: Marine practice of Marsh McLennan, the world's largest insurance broker by revenue.
Matheson & Co: Historic London average adjusters with practice integrated into the wider London adjusting community.
McLarens Marine: Marine and transportation division of McLarens, an international independent loss adjusting group.
Metallurgical Investigation: Laboratory analysis of fractures, corrosion, or fatigue in ship structures and machinery used in casualty investigation.
MMM (Mott MacDonald Marine): Engineering consultancy providing casualty and salvage engineering.
Mowll & Mowll: Historic English admiralty solicitors.
Multraship: Netherlands-based towage and salvage operator.

N

Nagasaki Spirit (The): 1997 House of Lords decision (Semco Salvage v Lancer Navigation) holding that special compensation under Salvage Convention Art 14 does not include a profit element.
Nautical Institute: London-based professional body for navigators, founded 1972.
No Cure No Pay: traditional salvage principle that salvors are paid only on success.
Norton Rose Fulbright: An international law firm with shipping, energy, and marine insurance practices.
Notice of Abandonment (NOA): formal notice by the assured to underwriters claiming a constructive total loss.
Notice of Loss: Notification by the insured to underwriters of an event likely to give rise to a claim.

O

Olau Salvage: Historic North Sea salvage operator.
OPA 90: Oil Pollution Act 1990, US oil pollution liability statute.
OPRC 90: International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation, 1990, entered into force May 13, 1995, mandating shipboard SOPEPs and national preparedness systems.
Owners' Defence Insurance: FD&D cover providing legal costs for disputes arising from charterparties and other operating contracts.

P

P&I Club: Mutual insurance association covering protection-and-indemnity risks.
P&I Correspondent: A local agent appointed by a P&I club to assist members in a specific port or jurisdiction.
Particular Average (PA): partial loss caused by an insured peril fortuitously suffered by a particular interest.
Particular Charges: expenses incurred by or for the assured for the safety or preservation of the subject matter, other than GA or salvage.
Petersfield Marine Surveyors: Independent surveying firm handling cargo and hull casualty.
Phelps Dunbar LLP: New Orleans-headquartered US law firm with a substantial maritime and energy practice.
Pollution Funds: IOPC Funds providing compensation in tanker pollution cases supplementary to shipowner cover under CLC.
Pollution Response Vessel (PRV): Vessel equipped for oil spill containment and recovery deployed by salvors and Tier 2/3 responders.
Port of Refuge Expenses: Costs incurred in deviating to a port for safety reasons, often allowable in general average.
Posh Semco: Singapore-based marine services brand offering offshore and emergency response services.
Preliminary Loss Report (PLR): Early report by surveyor or adjuster summarizing the casualty, likely cause, and initial reserve estimate.
Principal Recovery Firm: Specialist firm engaged by cargo underwriters to pursue subrogated recoveries against carriers and third parties.
Protection and Indemnity: Third party liability cover provided by mutual P&I clubs, distinct from first party hull and machinery insurance.

Q

Quantum: The amount of a claim, distinguished from issues of liability.
Quantum (Salvage Award): Monetary amount of the salvage award, fixed by application of Article 13 criteria.
Quotation, Salvage: Pre-arranged or in-extremis rates by a salvor; LOF typically dispenses with prior price discussion.

R

Recovery Agent: Party, often a specialist firm or law firm, pursuing recoveries on behalf of underwriters following payment of a claim.
Recovery from Carrier: Subrogated cargo recovery against the carrier under bill of lading terms and applicable rules.
Reed Smith LLP: Global law firm whose shipping practice was strengthened by 2007 merger with Richards Butler in London.
Reinsurance Recoveries: Sums recovered by an insurer from reinsurers following payment of an inwards claim.
Reservation of Rights Letter: A communication preserving a party's rights pending investigation, common in casualty and cargo claims.
Resolve Marine Group: US marine salvage and emergency response company headquartered in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.
Richards Hogg Lindley (RHL): Long-established London average adjusters, now operating as part of Charles Taylor Adjusting.
RINA: Royal Institution of Naval Architects, London, founded 1860.
Rotterdam Rules: UN Convention on Contracts for the International Carriage of Goods Wholly or Partly by Sea, 2009, not yet in force.
Royal Boskalis Westminster: Parent company of Boskalis Salvage and Boskalis Heavy Lift.
Rule A (YAR): Definitional rule setting out the essence of a general average act.
Rule B (YAR): Defines the common maritime adventure for the purposes of GA.
Rule C (YAR): Limits GA allowance to direct consequences of the GA act, excluding loss of market and indirect losses.
Rule D (YAR): Provides that rights to GA contribution are not prejudiced by fault, leaving claims open to defendants.
Rule E (YAR): Places burden of proof on the claimant for GA and imposes notification duties on parties.
Rule F (YAR): Allows substituted expenses up to the amount of the GA expense avoided.
Rule G (YAR): General principle that GA is adjusted as regards both loss and contribution upon the basis of values at the time and place where the adventure ends.

S

Sacrifice, GA: See General Average Sacrifice.
Salvage and Recovery Expert: Specialist consultant engaged by hull underwriters in major casualties to coordinate salvors and protect underwriter interests.
Salvage Arbitration: Process by which Lloyd's appointed arbitrators determine LOF awards.
Salvage Award: Reward fixed under Salvage Convention 1989 criteria or LOF arbitration.
Salvage Convention 1989: International Convention on Salvage, with Article 14 special compensation.
Salvage Tug: High-powered tug for casualty response.
SCOPIC: Special Compensation P&I Club Clause, optional supplement to LOF providing P&I-funded tariff remuneration where Article 14 might otherwise apply.
SCR (Special Casualty Representative): Independent observer appointed under SCOPIC Clause 10 to monitor and report on salvage operations.
Sedgwick: Global loss adjusting and claims management group with marine capability following the 2018 acquisition of Cunningham Lindsey.
Sedgwick Marine: Marine claims practice within Sedgwick following acquisition of Cunningham Lindsey.
Skuld: Assuranceforeningen Skuld, a Norwegian-headquartered International Group P&I club founded in 1897.
SMIT Salvage: Dutch salvage contractor founded 1842, part of Boskalis since 2010.
Sound Arrived Value: Market value of cargo had it arrived undamaged, used in cargo claim quantification.
Special Compensation: compensation under Article 14 of the Salvage Convention 1989 for salvors preventing environmental damage.
Standard Club (NorthStandard): P&I club managed by Charles Taylor; merged with North of England in 2023 to form NorthStandard.
Stephenson Harwood LLP: London-headquartered international law firm with significant ship finance, marine insurance, and shipping litigation practice.
Stranding: Grounding that holds the vessel fast, often with hull damage.
Subrogation: Insurer's right to step into the insured's claim against third parties.
Substituted Expenses: Expenses incurred in place of GA expenses that would have been allowable, recoverable under YAR Rule F up to the amount avoided.
Sue and Labour Clause: clause requiring the assured to take reasonable measures to avert or minimize loss, with expenses recoverable; ITC Hulls 1/10/83 clause 11.
Survey Reports as Evidence: The use of contemporaneous survey reports as primary evidence of cargo or vessel condition.
Surveyor's Report: Pre-acceptance condition survey commissioned by the recycler or buyer.
Svitzer Salvage: Maersk owned salvage division, joint Ardent venture closed 2019.

T

T&T Salvage: US headquartered salvage contractor with OPA 90 OSRO standing.
Thomas Miller: London-based mutual insurance manager for the UK Club, TT Club, ITIC, UK Defence Club, and Hellenic War Risks.
Through bill of lading: BL covering multi-leg journey.
Time Bar: Limitation period (one year under Hague-Visby Article III Rule 6).
Tindall Riley (Britannia): See Tindall Riley & Co.
Tindall Riley & Co: London-based management company for Britannia Steam Ship Insurance Association, one of the IG P&I clubs.
Titan Salvage: Crowley salvage subsidiary, parbuckled Costa Concordia, merged into Ardent 2015.
Tonnage Limitation: Limitation of liability calculated by reference to the tonnage of the vessel under LLMC 1976 or the 1996 Protocol.
Torrey Canyon: 1967 grounding off Cornwall releasing 119,000 tonnes of Kuwaiti crude, catalyst for IMO MARPOL development.
Total loss: Actual or constructive total loss for insurance purposes.
Tsavliris Salvage Group: Greek salvage company based in London and Piraeus active in worldwide ocean salvage for more than five decades.

U

UK P&I Club: United Kingdom Mutual Steam Ship Assurance Association, founded 1869, International Group member.
Underdeck Cargo: Cargo stowed below deck, attracting full Hague-Visby protections; deck cargo may be excluded.
Underwriter Recoveries: Sums recovered by hull or cargo underwriters from third parties via subrogated proceedings after settlement with the insured.
Underwriting Surveyor: Surveyor instructed to inspect a vessel for the purposes of accepting or maintaining hull or P&I cover.
Uninsured Losses: Losses or expenses borne by an insured outside policy cover, including deductibles and policy exclusions.
Utmost Good Faith: See Uberrimae Fidei.

V

Voyage Charter: Charter for a specific voyage between named ports.
Voyage Frustration: Discharge of the carriage contract due to events rendering performance impossible, with consequences for freight and GA.

W

War Risks Cover: Class of insurance covering hull and machinery, freight, increased value, and crew risks against war, strikes, malicious acts, terrorism, and piracy.
Warranty (Marine Insurance): Condition that must be strictly complied with; under the Insurance Act 2015 in England, breach now suspends rather than discharges cover.
Watchkeeper's Statement: Crew statement contemporaneous with the casualty, often a critical evidential document.
Watson Farley & Williams LLP: International law firm with significant ship finance, energy, and dispute resolution practice.
William Symons: Historic Liverpool firm of average adjusters with longstanding practice in the London market.
Willis Towers Watson (WTW) Marine: Marine division of WTW providing broking, risk advisory, and claims advocacy across global shipping risks.
Without Prejudice: Privilege over settlement communications.
Wreck Inspection: Underwater or above-water inspection of a casualty wreck to inform salvage and removal planning.
Wreck Removal Convention (Nairobi): 2007 IMO convention obliging registered owners to insure and remove wrecks posing a hazard in convention waters.
Wreckage and Damage Inspection Survey (WDS): Survey by an independent expert assessing wreck condition and damage following a casualty.

X

X-Press Pearl: The container ship that caught fire and sank off Colombo, Sri Lanka in May and June 2021, generating one of the most significant container-related environmental incidents and large insurance and…

Y

YAR 1974: York-Antwerp Rules 1974, widely used historically and still occasionally encountered in older bills of lading.
YAR 1994: York-Antwerp Rules 1994, adopted at the CMI Sydney Conference and widely incorporated in bills of lading worldwide.
YAR 2004: York-Antwerp Rules 2004, criticized by shipowners for restricting recoveries (especially salvage and crew wages) and not widely adopted.
YAR 2016: Current York-Antwerp Rules adopted at the CMI New York Conference in 2016, restoring elements of YAR 1994.
York-Antwerp Rules: CMI-drafted rules for adjustment of general average; current editions 1994, 2004, 2016.

Z

Zone of Casualty Response: Geographic area over which salvors and OPA 90 responders are contracted to respond within prescribed times.
Zurich Marine: The marine line of Zurich Insurance Group, writing cargo and hull on a global basis.