Extended Operational and Trade Vocabulary

Cargo Securing, Lashing and Stability Vocabulary glossary (page 2)

The cargo securing and lashing vocabulary built on the CSS Code Annex 13: securing-device classes rated by Maximum Securing Load, the acceleration ellipse and acceleration factors by stowage location, abnormal-wave loads, and the force balance that determines lashing adequacy. Grounds each term in the Annex 13 calculation method for ship motions and cargo restraint.

422 defined terms.

Showing 172 on this page (page 2 of 2).

M

MSC.1/Circ.1497: CTU Code.
MSC.1/Circ.1623: Amendments to the CSS Code.
MSC.23(59): International Code for the Safe Carriage of Grain in Bulk.
MSC.267(85): International Code on Intact Stability, 2008 (IS Code 2008).
MSC.268(85): International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes Code (IMSBC Code).
MSC.275(85): Code of Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes, 2011.
MSL Reduction Factor: Factor applied where dynamic load conditions reduce effective MSL.
mu: Symbol for coefficient of friction.

N

Natural Fibre Rope: Rope of manilla, sisal or hemp; MSL = 0.33 x BL.
Net Securing Force: Sum of friction force plus securing component force, compared with external force in balance-of-forces method.
Nominal Capacity: Manufacturer-rated capacity, often identical to MSL.
Non-Standardized Cargo: Cargo not fitting standard stowage methods; assessed by CSS Annex 13 advanced calculation.
Normal Force: Force perpendicular to contact surface; equals cargo weight component for level deck.

O

Off-Centre Loading: Asymmetric loading inducing list.
One-Way Lashing: Disposable lashing such as steel strapping.
Open Container: Container without full top or sides, requiring tarpaulin and additional securing.
Operator's Manual: Manufacturer's instruction for securing equipment.
Overhang: Portion of hull outside the perpendiculars.
Overstow: Cargo placed atop another; requires consideration of stack weight limits.

P

Pad Eye: Welded plate with hole forming a lashing point.
Parametric roll: Resonant roll growth in head/following seas due to GM variation.
Passive Lashing: Lashing engaging only after cargo begins to move.
Permanent Deformation: Deformation exceeding elastic range; lashings must not be loaded beyond MSL to avoid this.
Permissible Deck Loading: Maximum tonnes per square meter for given deck.
Pillar: Vertical support in hold; can be used as blocking point.
Plumb: Vertical alignment.
Pocket Stowage: Stowage of cylindrical cargo in saddles or pockets.
Pontoon Hatch Cover: Hatch cover type; designed deck loading specified in stability booklet.
Pre-Tension: Initial tension applied to a lashing before voyage, typically 10 percent of LC for web lashings per EN 12195-1.
Probabilistic Damage Stability: SOLAS Ch II-1 Part B-1 framework using R and A indices.
Project cargo: Heavy lift or oversized cargo for projects.
Protected Position: Stowage location screened from green seas.
Pull-Through Lashing: Lashing passing through cargo and anchored both sides.
Pyramid Stowage: Stacking pattern with decreasing tiers; common for pipes.

Q

Quarter Lashing: Lashing at a 45-degree angle to two principal axes.
Quarter Twistlock: Twistlock at corner casting of a stack.
Quasi-Static Force: Slow-varying force treated as static in calculation.

R

Range of Stability: Heel range over which GZ is positive.
Ratchet Binder: Lever-and-pawl tensioner for chain lashings.
Ratchet Tensioner: Tensioning device for web lashings per EN 12195-2.
Re-Inspection: Periodic check of portable securing devices, normally annual under CSM.
Reaction Force: Force from deck or structure on cargo.
Reefer container: Refrigerated container with integral plant.
Reefer Plug Safety Distance: Minimum clearance for reefer plug access and ventilation, typically 100 to 150 mm per OEM specification.
Reefer Socket: Power outlet for reefer container.
Reefer Stack: Stack of refrigerated containers requiring electrical service.
Required Subdivision Index (R): Minimum probabilistic damage stability index under SOLAS Ch II-1/6.
Reserve Buoyancy: Volume above waterline contributing to stability at large heel.
Restoring Moment: Synonym for righting moment.
Righting arm (GZ): Horizontal distance between weight and buoyancy verticals at heel.
Righting moment: Δ*GZ, restoring moment at given heel.
Rod (Lashing): See Lashing Rod.
Rod Length: Critical for fit-up to specific tier; double rods for upper tiers, single rods lower.
Roll Amplitude: Half the peak-to-peak roll motion.
Roll Period: Time for one complete oscillation; approximated by T = 2 pi k / sqrt(g GM).
Roll-On Roll-Off (Ro-Ro): Cargo mode using wheeled units; subject to CSS Code Annex 4.
Rolling Lashing: Lashing arrangement permitting controlled angular motion.
Rolling Period Calculation: Method in IS Code 2008 weather criterion.
Round Sling: Endless synthetic sling.
Round turn: Single complete turn of a rope around a post.
Rubber Mat: Anti-skid mat raising mu to 0.6 or higher.

S

Safe Working Load (SWL): Lifting term; not equivalent to MSL but conceptually similar.
Sag: Bending where midships drops relative to ends.
Sea Fastening: Heavy welded structure securing project cargo for ocean voyage.
Securing Device: Any item used to secure cargo.
Securing Force: Force exerted by a securing device on cargo.
Self-Tensioning Lashing: Lashing with built-in tensioning under cargo movement.
Semi-Automatic Twistlock (SATL): Twistlock that locks automatically on landing but is released manually.
Service Speed: Speed used in CSS Annex 13 acceleration calculations; standard values for ships up to 24 knots.
Severe Wind and Rolling Criterion (Weather Criterion): IS Code 2008 Part A 2.3, evaluating ship's ability to withstand steady wind and roll-back.
Shackle: U-shaped link closed by a pin; 27.5 meters of anchor cable.
Shifting: Movement of cargo from stowed position; may cause loss of stability.
Shoe: Bearing or guide block; used in heavy lift cradles.
Shore: Diagonal brace.
Side Lashing: Lashing on lateral face of cargo.
Single Rod Lashing: Container lashing using one rod, common for second tier.
Sisal Rope: Natural fibre rope; MSL = 0.33 x BL.
Six-Point Lashing: Securing pattern with six anchor points.
Skid: Sliding base for heavy cargo movement.
Slack Lashing: Lashing not pre-tensioned; not credited in calculation.
Sliding Equilibrium: Condition where applied force equals total resisting force from friction and lashings.
Sliding Force: Net force tending to displace cargo horizontally.
Slip Mat: Synonym for anti-skid mat.
SOLAS Chapter VI Part A: General provisions for carriage of cargoes.
SOLAS Chapter VI Part B: Special provisions for bulk cargoes other than grain.
SOLAS Chapter VI Part C: Carriage of grain.
SOLAS Chapter VII: Carriage of dangerous goods.
SOLAS II-1 Part B-1: Subdivision and damage stability of cargo and passenger ships.
SOLAS VI/5-1: Requirement for cargo securing manual.
SOLAS VII/5: Requirement for cargo securing manual for dangerous goods.
Spreader Bar: Lifting beam distributing load between hooks.
Stability booklet: Approved booklet of loading conditions and curves.
Stack Load: Total vertical force at base of container stack.
Stack Weight Limit: Maximum permitted weight in a stack per class and ISO 1496.
Stacker: Container stacking fitting without rotational lock.
Standard Cargo: Cargo with established stowage and lashing arrangements in CSM.
Static Load: Load present in still water condition.
Steel Band Strapping: One-way securing band; MSL = 0.7 x BL per CSS Annex 13.
Steel Wire Rope (Reusable): MSL = 0.3 x BL per CSS Annex 13.
Steel Wire Rope (Single Use): MSL = 0.8 x BL per CSS Annex 13.
Stowage factor: Volume occupied by one tonne of cargo.
Stowage plan: Plan showing container or cargo positions.
Stretchability: Elongation under load; differing values between chain, wire and webbing limit mixing.
Sub-Lashing: Secondary lashing beneath primary.
Subdivision Index: See Attained and Required Subdivision Index.
Summer Load Line: Reference load line at summer freeboard.
Surf-Riding: Phenomenon in following seas addressed by Second Generation IS Criteria.
Synthetic Fibre Rope: Polyester, polyamide etc.; MSL = 0.33 x BL per CSS Annex 13.

T

Tandem Lift: Use of two cranes simultaneously on a single load.
Tank Top Load: Maximum cargo per square meter on tank top.
Tanker Stability: Subject to IS Code 2008 Part A 2.4 and MARPOL damage stability.
Tarpaulin: Heavy waterproof canvas cover.
TEU: Twenty foot equivalent unit.
Three-Point Securing: Triangular securing pattern for cylindrical cargo.
Tier: Horizontal layer of containers in a stack, numbered 02, 04 upward on deck.
Timber Deck Cargoes Code: MSC.275(85), 2011 Code on Safe Practice for Ships Carrying Timber Deck Cargoes.
Tipping Equilibrium: Condition where external moment equals restoring moment.
Tipping Moment: External moment tending to tip cargo about an edge.
Tolerance: Permitted gap between cargo and securing structure.
Top Bridge Fitting: Connector across tops of two adjacent containers.
Top Tier: Highest tier in a container stack; usually requires lashing.
Tower Lashing: Lashing pattern for tall slender cargo.
Transom Lashing: Lashing across transom of project cargo or barge.
Transverse Acceleration: Side-to-side acceleration; CSS Annex 13 standard value about 0.6 g for transverse direction at deck level.
Trim: Difference between forward and aft drafts.
Tropical Load Line: Load line for tropical zones per Load Line Convention.
Trough: Cradle for cylindrical cargo.
Turnbuckle: Threaded device for tensioning rigging or lashings.
Twin Twenty Stowage: Two TEU stowed in one FEU bay; requires special fittings.
Twistlock: Locking device joining containers at corner castings.
Two-Way Lashing: Lashing pattern providing fore and aft restraint.

U

UN number: Number identifying dangerous goods under UN model regulations.
Underdeck Stowage: Cargo carried below the weather deck.
Underway: Not at anchor or moored; lashings must be maintained throughout.
Unidirectional Lashing: Lashing acting in one direction only.
Uniform Load: Evenly distributed load.
Unit load: Standardised handling unit such as a container or pallet.
Unitization: Bundling small goods into a single handling unit.
Universal Plate: Multipurpose lashing attachment.
Upper Tier: Container tier above first.

V

Vehicle Securing: CSS Code Annex 4 provisions for ro-ro deck units.
Vertical Acceleration: Vertical component of motion-induced acceleration; CSS Annex 13 standard about 1.0 g at midships, higher at ends.
Vertical Lashing: Lashing oriented mainly vertically.
Voyage Plan: Required under SOLAS V/34.

W

Wall Lashing: Lashing to ship's side or bulkhead.
Water Ballast: Used to maintain stability and trim.
Watertight Bulkhead: Subdivision element for damage stability per SOLAS II-1.
Wave-Induced Acceleration: Acceleration from ship motions in a seaway.
Weather Criterion: See Severe Wind and Rolling Criterion.
Weather deck: Uppermost deck exposed to weather.
Weather routing: Optimum-track routing per environmental forecasts.
Web Lashing: Tensioned synthetic webbing for vehicles and breakbulk.
Wedge: Tapered block for chocking cargo.
Welded Lashing Point: Permanently attached lashing fitting.
Wet Friction: Friction coefficient reduced by water; CSS Annex 13 lists steel-steel wet at 0.3.
Winch Tensioning: Use of winch to tension large lashings.
Wind Heeling Lever: Lever in IS Code weather criterion.
Wind Pressure: 504 Pa applied in IS Code 2008 weather criterion for standard condition.
Winter Load Line: Load line for winter zones per Load Line Convention.
Winter North Atlantic Load Line (WNA): More restrictive winter line for North Atlantic.
Wire Mesh Strapping: Securing band; MSL = 0.6 x BL per CSS Annex 13.
Wire Rope Clamp: Clip for forming eyes in wire rope.
Working Load Limit (WLL): Lifting equipment term; should not be confused with MSL.

X

X-Lashing: Crossed lashing pattern providing both transverse and longitudinal restraint.
XL Body: Vehicle body certified to EN 12642 XL for enhanced sidewall strength.

Y

Yard tractor: Terminal tractor moving chassis or mafis.
Yarn: Constituent of fibre rope; quality affects BL.
Yawing: Rotational motion about vertical axis; minor contributor to lashing forces.

Z

Z-Twist: Direction of wire rope lay; relevant to spin and torque under load.
Zero Heel Condition: Upright condition used as reference in stability calculations.
Zinc Coating: Corrosion protection for chains and fittings.
Zone Loading: Load Line Convention assignment of seasonal zones for permissible drafts.